Term
| What do we want to know about pathophysiology? |
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Definition
| Understanding what goes wrong serves as a foundation for prevention and therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of how normal body functions are altered by disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of genetics + environment; potential for disease awaiting a trigger |
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Term
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Definition
| Development or evolution of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease-causing agent (bug) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cause or reasons for disease or physiologic malfunction |
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Term
| What is disease caused by? |
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Definition
| Combination of genetics, environment, and host response |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary effect of the primary disease process |
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Term
| How is homeostasis maintained? |
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Definition
Control Mechanisms: osmosis, diffusion, concentration gradient, pressure receptors, chemical receptors, etc.
Feedback systems: negative fundamental; positive disrupts normality |
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Term
| 3 components of feedback loop |
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Definition
1. sensor mechanism (thermostat)
2. control center (compares to set point)
3. effector mechanism (returns set point to normal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Demand exceeds person's coping abilities resulting in disturbance of cognition, behavior, emotion |
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Term
| What's the physiological response to stress? |
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Definition
| Adrenergic Response: Release of catecholamines and cortisol |
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Term
| What are the results of adrenergic stimulation? |
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Definition
| Inc HR, Resp, BP. Inc blood flow to lrg musc. Dec blood flow to internal organs. Inc total energy consumption. Inc BG. Inc glycolysis in liver & musc. Inc musc strength. Inc mental activity. Inc blood coag. |
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Term
| Cellular response to stress? |
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Definition
| Changes in size/number/shape of cells |
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Term
| What does adaptation to stress do? |
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Definition
| Harmful if prolonged. Can lead to abn. cell loss/growth, or abn. accumulation w/in cells. |
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Term
| What does the severity of ill effects of stress depend on? |
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Definition
| Severity of stress. Duration of stress. Underlying conditions. Concurrent sources of stress. Coping skills & abilities |
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Term
| What is the goal of drug therapy? |
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Definition
| Maximum benefit with minimal harm |
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Term
| What is a generic drug name? |
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Definition
| Each drug only as 1; Assigned by the US Adopted Names Council |
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Term
| What is the drug trade name? |
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Definition
| Proprietary or brand name (can be many) |
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Term
| What are the five rights of Rx administration? |
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Definition
1. Patient
2. Drug
3. Dose
4. Route
5. Time |
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Term
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Definition
1. no medical use
2. high potential for abuse
3. moderate abuse potential
4. lower abuse potential
5. surprisingly controlled Rxs |
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Term
| What is absorption? What affects it? Routes? |
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Definition
| Movement into the blood; Amt given, rate of dissolution, surface area, blood flow, lipid solubility, pH partitioning, route; enteral (PO), parenteral (IV, IM, SubQ), transdermal, inhalation |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of Rx through blood to site of action & delivery into cells. Plasma protein things are not available for use or may compete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biotransformation of Rx by CYP450 enzymes. Occurs primarily in liver. Subject to first pass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of drug from body. Primary site is kidney: glom. filt. passive tubular resabsorp. active tubular secretion |
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Term
| What does the therapeutic index measure? |
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Definition
| Drug safety; larger the TI = safer the Rx; smaller TI = more dangerous |
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Term
| What do agonists do? Antagonists? |
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Definition
| Turn on the receptor site. Impede receptor activity |
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Term
| Possible drug-drug effects? |
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Definition
| Intensification; Reduction of effects; New effect; Zero effect |
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Term
| What can grapefruit juice do? |
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Definition
| Increase many drug effects by decreasing drug metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 in blood combines with H2O to form weak acid = respiratory control |
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Term
| pH high or low? pCO2 abnormal? HCO3 abnormal? |
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Definition
| acidotic vs. alkalotic; pCO2 yes = primarily resp; HCO3 yes = primarily metabolic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| salivation, sweating, inc GI & GU tone & activity, bradycardia, miosis, vasodilation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Vascular: vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation.
2. Cellular: WBC move to area, release of chemical mediators (histamine), other mediators show up
3. Clean up (debridement)
4. Healing (permeability restored etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| First responder; initial vasodilation, cap permiability |
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Term
| Manifestations of inflammation. |
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Definition
| Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function. Systemic: low grade fever, leukocyte increase, inc plasma proteins, sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrophage release cytokine; mediator is a pyrogen; thermostat in hypothalamus resets at a new setpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammatory phase. Proliferation/Reconstructive phase. Remodeling/Maturation |
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Term
| What controls fluid shifts? |
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Definition
| Colloidal osmotic pressure due to presence of plasma proteins (albumin) & other solids |
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Term
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Definition
| third spacing. pitting/non-pitting. DOE. dependent or not |
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Term
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Definition
| Thirst, decreased urine output, weight loss, imp temp regulation, decrease interstitial volume = poor skin turgor, dry mucus memb, "sunken" eyes, depressed fontanel in infants, dec vascular volume = dec capR/F, fast, weak HR, postural hypoTN, hypoTN |
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Term
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Definition
| 135-145. Hypo = dilutional or inadequate intake. musc. cramping, CNS dysf. Hyper = salt overload or inadq fluids. dehydration |
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Term
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Definition
| 3.5-5. Hypo = inad intake, diuretics. cardiac rhythm dist, musc weakness, fatigue, paresthesias, confusion. Hyper = rare ex c renal dis. cardiac dist, peaked T wave, wide QRS |
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Term
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Definition
| 8.5-10.5 Hypo = inad intake, renal failure, acid/base dist. inc neuromusc excitability, cardiac abnorm. Hyper = metastatic processes, immobilization. dec neuromusc excitability, dehydration, AV block |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents which induce the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by the individual after exposure to an antigen or immunization |
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Term
| What is passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Given to an individual from someone else -- maternal/fetal or pre-formed antibodies |
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Term
| What is the role of bone marrow in the immune response? |
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Definition
| Produces B & T lymphocytes |
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Term
| What is the role of B lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| Produce serum protein immunoglobulins (antibodies); Productions stimulated by antigen |
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Term
| What is the role of T lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| Direct destruction of antigen |
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Term
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Definition
1. challenge by an antigen
2. lymphocytes activated = B cells bind to antigen; T cells attack directly
3. Some activated lymphocytes become "memory" cells for that antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody c key role in ALLERGIC reactions; binds ot mast cells/basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Prominent in EARLY phase of IMMUNE response |
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Term
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Definition
| MOST PREVALENT type of antibody; against viruses, bacteria, toxins |
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Term
| What are the effects of immune suppression? |
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Definition
| Inc. risk of infection and malignancy |
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Term
| Principles of Autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
| Misdirected towards self; almost any cell or tissue in body; Heredity, gender, & enviro; failure of self-tolerance; systemic (RA, Guillan Barre) or local (DM, Hashimotos, UC, Crohn's) |
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Term
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Definition
| Given to incite mild immune response and produce antibodies to be ready for future exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typified by presence of pathogen (bacteria, atypicals, virus, fungi, parasites); most are opportunistic |
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Term
| Bacterial characteristics |
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Definition
| Rigid cell wall. Direct cell division. Some form spores. Aerobic or anaerobic. Classified by shape & stain. |
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Term
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Definition
Mycoplamas: no rigid cell wall
Richettsiae & Chlamydia = cell wall, obligate intracellular, R may be transmitted through arthropods |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular obligates; some have lipoprotein coat; must have host for reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Ubiquitous in environment; Rare cause of serious systemic disease; Common cause of cutaneous infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Protozoa = unicellular animals (malaria, dysentery, giardia); Helminths = tapeworms, flukes; Parasitic arthropod = ticks, lice |
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Term
| Which type of microorganism is responsible for majority of infectious human illnesses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Principles of drug resistance? |
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Definition
| Microbes create drug-metabolizing enzyme; stops taking up drug; receptors may stop binding drug; may synthesize compounds to counter drug; spontaneous mutation; bacterial conjugation; over abx use |
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