Term
| What do arterial disorders cause? |
|
Definition
| Risk for perfusion & oxygenation of tissue distal to problem |
|
|
Term
| What do venous disorders cause? |
|
Definition
| Impair blood return to the heart |
|
|
Term
| S/S arterial insufficiency? |
|
Definition
*Inc pain c elevation
*Pallor then mottled
*Cool atrophic skin
*Decreased pulses
*Ulcers on toes, heels, bony prominences |
|
|
Term
| S/S Venous insufficiency? |
|
Definition
*Inc. pain c dependency
*Reddening, brown pigmentation
*Temp. increase
*Dry, scaly, edema
*Pulses present
*Ulcers common around ankles |
|
|
Term
| What's the danger of arterial thrombus? Tx? |
|
Definition
*Danger of necrosis & amputation
*Medical emergency
*Tx: Thrombolytics, Balloon tipped catheters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A vein in which blood has pooled = fr. gradual venous distension, due to gravity or loss of venous valves |
|
|
Term
| What do peripheral venous disorders cause? |
|
Definition
*Inadequate venous return
*Ischemia of tissues
*Ulceration
*Pooling of blood
*EDEMA
*Hyperpigmentation of feet, ankles, legs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized dilation or outpouching of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber. |
|
|
Term
| Where do 3/4 of aneurysms occur? Why? What's the major risk associated with them? |
|
Definition
*Abdomen (AAA)
*Stress on aorta causes aneurysm
*Risk of rupture |
|
|
Term
| What is aortic dissection? |
|
Definition
*Often occurs prior to rupture
*Vessel endothelium is breached
*Pressure in vessel causes shearing of linings
*Blood enters space and increases pressure on thinned vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| What is Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis? Where do the changes occur? |
|
Definition
*Chronic disease of arterial system = abnormal thickening & hardening of vessel wall
*Changes occur in the intima layer = stiffens & thickens = narrows arterial lumen |
|
|
Term
| What causes atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
*Genetic predisposition + environmental trigger
*Hyperlipidemia (#1)
*HTN
*Smoking
*Metabolic syndrome/Insulin resistance/DM
*Infection/Inflammation
*Autoimmune phenomena
*Hyperhomocystemia
*Free radicals/oxidized LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Fat filled macrophages that move into the inima layer |
|
|
Term
| What is a fibrous plaque? |
|
Definition
| Encapsulation of a lipid core = causes further endothelial damage, necrosis of underlying tissue, narrowing of lumen |
|
|
Term
| What happens if a plaque ruptures? |
|
Definition
*"complicated" lesion
*Platelets aggregate/thrombus forms
*Vessels may occlude = ischemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the major determinants of plaque vulnerability to rupture? |
|
Definition
*Size of lipid-rich core
*Stability & thickness of fibrous cap
*Presence of inflammation c plaque degradation
*Lack of sm. musc. cells
*Highest risk: plaques c thin fibrous cap overlaying large lipid core |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis? |
|
Definition
*Chest pain, SOB = increasing ischemia
*Heart: Coronary artery disease & angina
*Brain: Cerebral vascular dises & transient ischemic attacks (confusion, balance)
*Legs: Intermittent claudication (pain c exercise)
*Kidneys: Rising BUN/CR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Diet: decrease cholesterol/sat. fat, inc. fiber & plan sterols
*Exercise
*Tobacco cessation
*Rx
*Angioplasty
*Stent
*CABG |
|
|
Term
| What determines arterial blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| What determines systolic pressure? |
|
Definition
*Cardiac output
*Elastic properties of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What determines diastolic pressure? |
|
Definition
| Smaller arteries and their ability to: maintain peripheral vascular resistance; accept runoff of blood from large arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Inc in cardiac output
*Inc in peripheral resistance |
|
|
Term
| What are the short-term regulators of BP? |
|
Definition
*Neural = ANS stimulation
*Humoral = hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical compound release by kidney in response to low BP |
|
|
Term
| What does renin need to convert Angiotensin I into an active form? |
|
Definition
| Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) |
|
|
Term
| What does retention of water + vasoconstriction cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Secondary HTN? Examples? |
|
Definition
| Related to systemic disease that raises peripheral resistance or CO. Ex: Renal vascular disease, renal parenchymal disease, Cushing's disease, DM, Coarctation of aorta, Pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| What are risk factors for HTN? |
|
Definition
*Family Hx
*DM
*Aging
*High sodium intake
*Tobacco
*Excessive calorie intake & obesity/fat distribution pattern
*Excessive ETOH
*Stress
*OCP in women >35 who smoke |
|
|
