Term
| Name the phases in the Pharmaceutic Phase of drug action |
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Definition
| The two pharmaceutic phases are disintegration and dissolution. |
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Term
| Name the Phases of Drug Action |
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Definition
Phases of Drug Action
1. Pharmaceutic
2. Pharocokinetic
3. Pharmacodynamic |
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Term
| What things have an affect on the pharmaceutic phase? |
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Definition
# Rate limiting
# Acidity
# Enteric coating
# Food? |
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Term
| When administering a medication how would the patient being a child affect the pharmaceutic phase? |
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Definition
| both children and the elderly are more sensitive to drugs and have less gastric acidity therefore making absorption slower for those drugs absorbed through the stomach. |
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Term
| When administering a medication how would the medication being enteric coated affect the pharmaceutic phase? |
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Definition
drug action would be delayed while the pill passes through the stomach. in both the young and old the pill could be spending even more time in the stomach before reaching the small intestine where it would be absorbed. |
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Term
| When administering a medication how would the patient just haven eaten breakfast affect the pharmaceutic phase? |
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Definition
| Food in the GI tract can interfere with the absorption and dissolution of certain drugs and food can also enhance absorption of other drugs. |
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Term
| When administering a medication how would the medication being in liquid form affect the pharmaceutic phase? |
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Definition
| Drugs in liquid form are more rapidly available for GI absorption than are solids. |
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Term
| Describe the Pharmacokinetic Phase and name its processes |
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Definition
# Process of drug movement to achieve action and includes:
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism or Biotransformation
4. Excretion or Elimination |
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Term
| Describe Absorption in the Pharmacokinetic Phase |
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Definition
| The process involving movement of a substance from its site of administration, across body membranes, to circulating fluids. |
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Term
| In the Pharmacokinetic Phase which type of drugs are absorbed faster Water soluble or Lipid soluble drugs? Why? |
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Definition
| The GI membrane is composed mostly of lipid and protein so drugs that are lipid soluble pass rapidly through the GI membrane. Water soluble drugs need a carrier either enzyme or protein to pass through the membrane. |
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Term
| In the Pharmacokinetic Phase which type of drugs are absorbed faster Nonionized or ionized drugs? Why? |
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Definition
nonionized:
Large particles pass through the cell membrane if they are nonionized. EX: Weak acid drugs such as aspirin are less ionized in the stomach and they pass sthrough the stomach lining easily and rapidly. |
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Term
| What is the "First Pass Effect"? |
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Definition
| process in which the drug passes to the liver first |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the percentage of administered drug dose that reaches the circulation.
It is affected by drug form, route, GI mucosa and motility, food and other drugs, changes in liver
The same drug—given IV—bypasses the liver, preventing the first-pass effect from taking place, and more drug reaches the circulation. ie that drug has a higher Bioavailability |
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Term
| In general, which route of drug administration has the highest bioavailability? |
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Definition
| the intervenous route usually has 100% bioavailability |
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Term
| How would a decrease in liver function or hepatic blood flow affect the bioavailability of a medication? |
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Definition
| It would increase bioavailability because less drug would be destroyed by the hepatic metabolism. (Only if it is a medication that is medatbolized by the liver) |
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Term
| What is the term that describes how drugs are transported through the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors effect distribution? |
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Definition
1. Protein binding
2. Blood Flow
3. Body Tissue Affinity |
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Term
| Which areas of the body is hardest to deliver drugs to due to blood flow? which are the easiest? |
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Definition
1. Skin, bone, and adipose receive lower flow, so more difficult to deliver high concentrations of drugs to these areas
2. Heart, liver, kidneys, and brain receive the most so easiest to reach these areas. |
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Term
| Why is it Important to check the protein-binding percentage of all drugs administered? |
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Definition
To avoid possible drug toxicity
The nurse should check the clients plasma protein and albumin levels because a decrease, decreases protein binding sites permitting more free drug in the circulation and depending on the drug the result can be life threatening. |
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Term
| what is the Protein-binding effect? |
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Definition
| the binding of a drug to protein thereby inactvating it. by not allowing it to be used by receptors that cause the pharmacologic response. |
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Term
| What if two drugs are given together that are highly protein bound? |
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Definition
| When two highly protein bound drugs are given concurrently they compete for protein binding sites thus causing more free drug to be released into the circulation. In this situation drug accumulation and possible drug toxicity can result. |
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Term
| How does a low protein level affect the amount of free drug? |
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Definition
| A low protein level decreases the number of protein binding sites and can cause an increase in the amount of free drug in the plasma. drug overdose may then result. |
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Term
| what is the process of converting a drug to a form that is usually more easily removed from the body. |
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Definition
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Term
what is the primary site of
Metabolism? |
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Definition
The liver
- Liver enzymes can inactivate the drug and increase the dosage requirement or Liver enzymes can make the drug more potent
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Term
| the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated. |
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Definition
| What is the Half-life (t ½) |
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Term
| what is the half life Affected by? |
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Definition
- metabolism and elimination and Liver or kidney dysfunction.
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Term
What are creatinine, Creatinine clearance tests for?
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Definition
| Monitoring kidney function |
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Term
| what are the following tests for? GGT, bilirubin |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the following tests for? ALT, AST |
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Definition
| Monitoring liver function |
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Term
| If CLcr is decreased, what would you expect to happen to the dose of drug ordered for the patient? |
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Definition
| When the creatinine clearance is decreased, drug dosage likewise may need to be decreased. |
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Term
| If liver enzymes are elevated, what would you expect to happen to the dose of drug ordered for the patient? |
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Definition
| the dose would go up because more drug is being metabolized by the liver enzymes |
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Term
What is the
- Study of drug concentration and its effect on the body
- Dose response and maximal efficacy
- Onset, peak, and duration of action?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that block a response are antagonists – blocks a receptor, preventing something else from binding and acting |
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Term
| Drugs that produce a response are? |
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Definition
agonists they stimulate receptors
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Term
A drug that affects various sites is a?
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Definition
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Term
| what is a Drug called that affects various receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| The range between having therapeutic effect and being toxic |
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Definition
What is the Therapeutic Range
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Term
the rate at which the drug is eliminated is measured by the?
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Definition
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Term
The highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time is called the?
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Definition
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Term
| Physiologic effects not related to the desired drug effects |
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Definition
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Term
| what effect Causes a discontinuation of the drug? |
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Definition
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Term
- NOT an adverse effect, and not a side effect….but can cuase; Rash, Itching and Swelling
These are all signs of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when the drug level goes above the therapeutic range? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is The study of the effects of drug response due to genetic or hereditary factors. |
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Definition
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