Term
the death of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged lack of blood and o2 supply |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
occlusion of a coronary artery |
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Term
over a period of 4 to 6 hors a process of _ develops |
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Definition
ischemia, injury and infarction |
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Term
reuslts from a lack of blood and O2 to a portion of the heart muscle |
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Definition
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if ischemia is not reversed _ occurs |
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Definition
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ischemia lasting _ or more is sufficient ot produce irreversible tissue damage |
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Definition
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Term
the healing process after infarction begins within |
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Definition
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the myocardium is especially vulnerable to stress because of the weakness of the healing tissue for about _ after MI |
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Definition
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coplete haling of MI takes about |
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Definition
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Term
for purposes of dianosis and treatment, health care providers divide MI into two types |
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Definition
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the ST segment of an ECG is usually flat or |
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Definition
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because the ST segment can be displaced when partial or coplete lack of o2 flow to the myocardial cell occurs, the appearance of a pt's ST segment is an important component of the assessment of an |
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Definition
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pt usually have transient or partial occlusion of a coronary artery |
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Definition
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Term
pt has total occlusion of a coronary artery from coronary thrombosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dysrhthmias, HF, cardiogenic shock, thromboembolism, sudden cardiac death, ventricular aneurtysm and rupture |
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Term
the ventricl fails to empty effeciecntly which can increase preload leading to systemic and pulmonary edema |
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Definition
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Term
initial signs and symptoms of HF |
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Definition
dyspnea, restlessness, increased HF, cardiac output and BP fall |
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Term
untreated HF progresses to |
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Definition
cardiogenic shock and death |
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Term
the most frequent cause of death after an MI |
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Definition
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Term
usually r/t to extensive injury to the left ventricle and is morre common when the patient has had a previous infarction |
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Definition
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_ may be caused by pulmonary embolism |
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Definition
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massive pulmonary embolism is charactrized by |
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Definition
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occurs when heart activitiy and respirations cease abruptly |
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Definition
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the most common underlying reason for sudden cardiac death is _ and it can be a complication of MI |
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Definition
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other caused of sudden cardiac death include |
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Definition
vetricular dysfunciton, cardiomyopathy, electrolyt imbalance, electrocution and pulmonary embolism |
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Term
the classic symptom of MI |
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Definition
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Term
pain r/t to MI is typically |
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Definition
a heavy or contrictive pain located below or behind sternum |
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Term
proteins relased form the cardiac muscle when the muscle is damaged |
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Definition
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Term
troponin levels elevate in _ after myocardial injury, peak in _ and remain in the circulation for up to _ |
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Definition
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with ischemia the _ is often depressed and the _ inverted |
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Definition
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Term
if prolonged total cocclusion of a coronary artery has cocured the ECG will shos |
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Definition
ST segment elevation STEMI |
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Term
if transient or partial occlusion of the arter has occurd the ECG may not show |
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Definition
ST segment elevation (NSTEMI) |
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Term
after infarction another change often seen on the ECG is a significant |
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Definition
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Term
one that is greater than one third of the height of the R wave |
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Definition
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Term
the most frequently observed syrhthmias are |
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Definition
premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation |
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Term
the goals of medical therapy after MI are to |
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Definition
limit the amount of cardiac muscle injury, rlieve symptoms and to prevent or minimize complications |
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Term
administ3ered to dilate coronary arteries and increase blood flow to the damaged area |
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Definition
sublingual or IV nitroglycerin |
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Term
if _ relieves the pain of MI the infarction may not extend |
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Definition
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Term
causes peripheral pooling of the blood which decreases the blood returning to the heart and lungs |
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Definition
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morphine also _ thereby improving gas exchange |
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Definition
diminishes anxiety, decreases tachypnea and rleaxes bronchial smooth muscles |
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Term
_ recommended for patients with STEMI when PCI is not available within _ of first medical contact |
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Definition
fibrinolytic therapy, 120 min |
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Term
fbrinlytics such as _ are administered IV to dissolve the thrombus r/t MI |
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Definition
streptokinase and tissue plasminogent activator |
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Term
fibrinolytic therapy is most effective when initiated early but may be administered up to _ from onset of chest pain |
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Definition
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after administration of the fibrinolytic agents _ is administered to prevent further clot formation |
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Definition
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to monitor the affectiveness fo fibrinolytic agents the nurse should assess for _ |
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Definition
relief of chest pain and return of ST segment to baseline |
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the greatest risk when using fibrinolytic agents |
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Definition
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_ should be administered as soon as the patients can tolerate them and if not contraindicated |
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Definition
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Term
bete adrendergic blockers improve survival rate by |
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Definition
decreasing the HR, rducing the work of the heart and lessing the o2 demand of the myocardium |
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Term
_ may be prescribed for some patients to minimize the abnormal shaping or ventricular remodeling that can occur in teh damaged ventricular muscle |
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Definition
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Term
the first choice of treatment of an MI if available |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
percutaneous coronary intervention |
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Term
the goal of PCI is to reopen the occluded artery within _ of arrival to the emergency department |
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Definition
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Term
several pci can prcedures can be performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory |
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Definition
percuatneous transluminal coronary (PTCA) angioplasty, intracoronary stent placement, aterectomy, laser angioplasty |
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Term
involves placing passage of a catheter through a peripheral artery into the occluded coronary artery |
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Definition
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Term
when appropriate PTCA and/or intracoronary stent placement is preferred over cornary artery bypass surgery because it can be done |
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Definition
under local anestetic, less invasive and recovery time is faster |
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Term
complications of PTCA and intracoronary stents include |
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Definition
coronary artery dissection, dyrhthmias, coronary spasm, hematoma or bleeding at the catheter sit, restenosis and death |
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Term
may be performed to improve the blood supply to the myocardium |
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Definition
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Term
in coronary artery bypass graft surger the _ are remvoed from one or both legs, inspected for patency and reversed to that the valves do not _ blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
CBAG is a major surgery that requires the heartbeat to be stopped and the patient to be placed on _ during the sugerty |
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Definition
cardipulmonary bypass machine |
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Term
complications of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) |
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Definition
postop bleeding, hypothermia, dysrhthmias, unstable hemodynamics and pulmonary dysfunciton |
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Term
another approach to surgical revascularization, is being used on patientws who requrie surgery on the arteries of the anterior heart called |
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Definition
mininmally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB) |
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Term
midcab is performed through a small _ incision |
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Definition
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in MIDCAB the pt's left internal mammarey arter is used to bypase the _ and the bypass is accomplished on a _ |
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Definition
stenosed vessel, beating heart |
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Term
usually uses a full sternotomy incision to provid the surgeon access to all coranry vessels |
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Definition
off pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) |
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Term
othe OPCAB surgery is accomplished on a _ withiout used of a _ |
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Definition
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Term
newere approach used by making three tiny incisions on the pt's chest between ribs and a small camera and two robotic arms are inserted |
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Definition
totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB) |
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Term
TECAB surgery is done on a beating heart and _ due to the small incisions and is easier to recover from |
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Definition
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Term
notifiy the health care provider of changes in the ECG rhthm such as |
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Definition
inverted T wave, ST segment elevation and/or Q wave |
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Term
four phases of cardiac rehabilitation |
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Definition
inpatient managemnt, telemetry monitoring during exercise, later rehabilitation(unmonitored), maintenance |
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