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| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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| the biological clock; regular bodily rhytms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle |
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| rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage duringwhich vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active |
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| the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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| periodic, natural loss of consciousness -as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation |
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| false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
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| the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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| non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep |
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| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. |
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| a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it |
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| according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) |
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| according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) |
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| the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) |
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| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors |
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| a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
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| a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
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| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect |
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| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
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| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
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| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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| compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
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| drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
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| drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
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| opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
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| drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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| drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
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| a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
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| a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
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| psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
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| a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
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| an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
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| the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
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