Which is the psychological disorder that is the most common out the following:

generalized anxiety

social phobia

phobia of a specific object or situation

mood disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

schizophrenia

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

mood disorder (9.5%),

then comes phobia of specific object or situation (8.7%),

then social phobia (6.8%)

then ADHD (4.1%)

then PTSD (3.5%)

then generalized anxiety (3.1%)

then schizophrenia (1.1%)

then OCD (1.0%)

Causing distress to the person or others

(in other words, making people upset)

That it interferes with normal day-to-day life

(it functions, but not well)

The state of being crazy, craziness. 

It's the opposite of sanity.

It does NOT mean anger.

He

unchained them,

talked with them,

used gentleness, and

gave them activity, fresh air and sunshine.

1. There are too many (there are 400 disorder categories)

2.  The labels trigger judgments by society and can cause people to view a person differently

3.  Labels can be self-fulfilling (in other words, if you tell someone they are a particular way, they start to act that way, even if they weren't that way to begin with)

More people get diagnosed with a disorder than actually have that disorder.

They did a study where researchers went to the hospital claiming to hear voices (not true).  They answered all the doctors' questions truthfully, and were diagnosed as having mental disorders, even though they didn't have any.  This is an example of overdiagnosis, because they were counted in the total number of people who have that disorder, even though it was a mistake.

Labels help mental health professionals

communicate information about their cases,

pinpoint the basic causes behind the disorders, and

share information about effective treatments.

Name 5 kinds of anxiety disorders?

1.  Generalized anxiety disorder

2.  Panic disorder

3.  Phobias

4.  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

5.  Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

1.  a person is continually tense and fearful

2.  there is "free-floating" anxiety (the person cannot identify the cause of the tension)

3.  They are often coupled with depression, physical problems (such as high blood pressure)

4.  There is a gender bias: 2/3 of those with GAD are women.

What is a panic disorder?

Higher--at least twice as likely.

What's the difference between a strong fear and a phobia?

1.  Being alone

2.  Storms

3.  Water

4.  Closed spaces

5.  Flying

6.  Blood

7.  Heights

8.  Animals

It has two parts:

Fear conditioning (classical conditioning can produce fear and anxiety: a person experiences a fearful event and later fears similar events). The relief people feel by escaping a feared situation can reinforce phobic behavior.

Observational Learning: we may learn fear by observing others' fears (for example, parents may transmit fears to children)

It also has two parts:

genes (fearfulness runs in families)

the brain (fear-learning experiences cause new brain pathways, which make it easier for fearful experiences to affect the brain later)

There is higher than normal activity in regions of the brain associated with impulse control

(the ability to control your impulses, like not yawning when you're bored in class)

and habitual behaviors

(like tapping your pencil when you're nervous)

Natural selection is the idea that nature allows to survive those beings that best adapt to their environment (so mice that blend in best with their environment don't get eaten by hawks, and survive to have babies). 

Human beings long ago learned to fear dangers like snakes, confined areas, poisons and heights, so our phobias focus on these same dangers.  Behaviors that helped our ancestors survive these dangers get exaggerated in OCD and become compulsive acts (not stepping on cracks, cleaning hands repeatedly, etc.)

What are dissociative disorders?

This is a personality disorder in which the person shows a lack of conscience for wrong-doing, even toward friends and family. 

It is more common in men.

These sorts of people may be very aggressive or ruthless (will do anything, no matter how mean), or they may be con artists (people who trick other people out of money by pretending to be someone they're not)

Lack of conscience is seen before age 15

Most criminals do NOT have this disorder.

There is a genetic component--as kids, these peoplehave lower stress hormone levels and are slower to develop conditioned fears.

If it is combined with childhood abuse, it can wire the brain for antisocial behavior.

Problematic patterns of substance (drug) use can lead to negative effects on behavior, especially if the substances are psycho-active drugs (chemicals that change perceptions or moods). 

A drug's effect depends on the biological effects and the user's psychological expectations, and can vary with cultures.

Use of the drug results in

--failure to meet obligations

--repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous

--continued use despite problems caused by the substance

--repeated substance-related legal problems

Tolerance refers to the diminishing (decreasing) effects with regular use, requiring larger doses to experience same effect.

If you develop a tolerance to a drug, you become less affected by it.

Define withdrawal.

Physical dependence refers to a physiological (the way the body works) need for a drug.

Physical dependence is marked by withdrawal symptoms when the user stops taking the drug.

--tolerance

--withdrawal

--taking the substance longer or in greater amounts than intended

--little desire or effort to regulate use

--much time devoted to obtaining the substance

--normal activities abandoned or reduced

--continued use despite knowledge that using it worsens problems

--depressants

--stimulants

--hallucinogens

How do psychoactive drugs work?

They work at the brain's synapses (where nerve cells meet and communicate)

to stimulate (increase),

inhibit (decrease) or

mimic (imitate)

the activity of neurotransmitters

(chemicals that send messages from one nerve cell to another).

--alcohol

--barbiturates

--opiates

1.  Slowed neural processing (the nervous system activity is slowed)

2.  Memory disruption (alcohol doesn't allow for REM sleep--rapid eye movement sleep--which helps to form memories)

3.  Affected expectations (users expectations when using alcohol change their behavior).  Example: people who drink are more likely to feel uninhibited (held back) and sexually interested

Chronic alcohol abuse shrinks the brain. 

This is why people say they are going to go "kill some brain cells" when they're going out to drink.

1.  Going on drinking binges (times when you drink a lot in a short period of time)

2.  Regretting things said or done when drunk

3.  Feeling low or guilty after drinking

4.  Failing to keep your word about promising to drink less

5.  Drinking to reduce depression or anxiety

6.  Avoiding family or friends when drinking

They depress (reduce) neural activity,

as well as lessen pain and anxiety.

They also imitate the effects of endorphins, which are the body's natural painkillers.

They are also highly addictive!

caffeine

nicotine

amphetamines

cocaine

ecstasy

It arouses the brain to increased alertness.

It increases heart rate and blood pressure.

It relaxes muscles and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce stress.

It suppresses appetite for carbohydrates.

It reduces circulation to extremities (arms and legs).

Cocaine blocks the process that allows for reabsorbing of neurotransmitters like dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. These molecules normally produce a feeling of happiness, so when they stay in the synapse, they just keep sending happy signals.

When the cocaine level drops, the person's mood just crashes.

It is a powerfully addictive drug.

It triggers the release of the neurotransmitter of dopamine, which increases a person's energy and elevates their mood.

irritability

insomnia

high blood pressure

seizures

periods of disorientation (not knowing where you are)

violent behavior

euphoria (elevated happy mood)

and social intimacy

mild hallucinations

increased sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes and smells

relaxes

disinhibits

produces euphoria (elevated good mood)

impairs motor skills, perceptual skills and reaction time

may help control pain

may reduce ability to sense that hunger is satisfied

Which of the following are depressants?

alcohol

heroin

caffeine

nicotine

cocaine

methampethamine

ecstasy

LSD

marijuana

Which of the following are stimulants?

alcohol

heroin

caffeine

nicotine

cocaine

methampethamine

ecstasy

LSD

marijuana

caffeine

nicotine

cocaine

methamphetamine

ecstasy

Which of the following are hallucinogens?

alcohol

heroin

caffeine

nicotine

cocaine

methampethamine

ecstasy

LSD

marijuana

LSD is the only real hallucinogen.

Ecstasy and marijuana are just mild hallucinogens

Yes, the media (like newspapers, Facebook, TV, magazines, etc.) and the culture (like magazines, movies, performeres, etc.) in general can make substance abuse more likely.

Also, peer pressure can make it more likely.

--major depressive disorder

--mania

--bipolar disorder

No--we ALL experience anxiety and depressed mood from time to time; a mood disorder is more severe.

A mood disorder

...lasts longer

...sticks around even when there is nothing to be depressed or anxious about, and

...makes it hard to function.

SURVIVAL!

(not happiness)

Depression can protect us from dangerous thoughts and feelings

(we're too down to take the energy to hurt ourselves).

Also, it gives us time to think about our options in the face of trouble.

--lethargy (low energy)

--feeling worthless

--loss of interest in family, friends and activities

A person goes back and forth (alterntes) between depression and mania.

This is much more extreme than just a mood swing.

They are overtalkative,

overactive and

elated (very happy).

They sleep less,

are sexually uninhibited, and

easily irritated.

They show extreme optimism

(faith that things will turn out well) and

self-esteem.

Who is more at risk for depression, men or women?

If one identical twin is diagnosed with major depression, what is the chance that the other one will be too?

a)  10%

b)  25%

c)  50%

d)  75%

e)  100%

c) 50%

If one identical twin is diagnosed with bipolar disorder, what is the chance that the other one will be too?

a)  10%

b)  20%

c)  50%

d)  70%

e)  100%

d)  70%

The levels of serotonin go down during depression.

"I'm too stupid to understand this chapter."

"I'm just a failure, so I'm going to fail this test."

"I hate myself, and so does everyone else."

Absolutely.  If you think things are going to turn out well, they are more likely to, and if you think they are going to turn out badly, they are more likely to.

"Whether you think you can or you can't, you're right."

:-D

People's explanatory styles of why something went wrong can lead to either depression or successful coping. 

Give an example of how a person who just experienced a breakup could explain what went wrong and end up depressed.

Breakup leads to

"Ill never get over this"

which leads to

"Without my partner, I can't seem to do anything right."

which leads to

"Our breakup was all my fault."

which leads to 

DEPRESSION

People's explanatory styles of why something went wrong can lead to either depression or successful coping. 

Give an example of how a person who just experienced a breakup could explain what went wrong and end up in successful coping.

Breakup leads to

"This is hard to take, but I will get through this"

which leads to

"I miss my partner, but thankfully I have family and other friends."

which leads to

"It takes two to make a relationship work, and it wasn't meant to be."

which leads to 

SUCCESSFUL COPING

Either one leads naturally to the other, which causes a cycle that keeps repeating itself:

A depressed mood may trigger negative thoughts.  

People put in bad or sad moods tend to become more pessimistic.

These negative thoughts also worsen the depression, and the cycle continues.

They feed each other--rejection leads to depression, which then leads to more rejection,

which then leads to more depression, etc.

Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by

--disorganized and delusional thinking

--disturbed perceptions

--innapropriate emotions and actions

What are the positive symptoms (the ones that are present) of schizophrenia?

--hallucinations

--talking in disorganized or deluded ways (like thinking you're the president, no the king, no GOD!!!!)

--laugh or rage at inappropriate times

--a voice without tones (like a computer voice)

--expressionless face

--mute

--rigid (stiff) body

Speech may remind you of a word "salad",  a mixture of things that are just tossed together without order.

"The rapid widening of the tortoise windows will augment the probable noise quotient of the seaside."

Delusions are false beliefs, usually about how great, or rich, or important, or whatever a person is.

"Everyone looks out their windows when I pass by on the street."

Yes.  They may hear, see, feel taste or smell things that are not really there.

It's usually in the form of sounds, like voices giving them instructions or insults.

Which of these is NOT an inappropriate emotion or action?

a)  laughing at grandmother's death

b) crying at a happy ending in a movie

c) crying when others laugh

d)  becoming angry for no reason

 b) 

It's natural to cry when we're happy, even though we tend to think of crying as a sad thing.

"Affect" is another way to refer to the way someone shows their mood.

A "flat affect" is one that shows no emotion.

Can schizophrenics engage in inappropriate motor behaviors (movements)?

Remaining motionless for hours.

A person is said to be "catatonic"

if they are exhibiting catatonia.

What could happen to a schizophrenic patient if you gave him drugs that increase dopamine (like amphetamines and cocaine)?

There is low activity in the frontal lobes.

During hallucinations, there is activity in the thalamus and the amygdala.

Areas of the brain fill with fluid and brain tissue shrinks.

It's in several brain regions and their interconnections.

(Frontal lobes, thalamus and amygdala)

Well, not exactly, but if a fetus is infected by a flu virus, it can develop schizophrenia.  

Mothers who were sick with the flu during pregnancy are more likely to have schizophrenic children.