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| (1897): Thought Islam was in a phase of decay because people at the top were corrupt; thought people had a right to depose the Caliph. Thought there should be an Umma and a Caliph/leader to enforce laws but with reason playing a big role. Science is important in helping to modernize and move forward. Rida and Afghani were worried about strengthening the Muslim world in order to ward off Western imperialists on Muslim lands. Didn’t like Arab Nationalism. [Current leaders corrupt, need someone to lead with reason, modernize.] |
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| (1905): He was the grand Mufti of Egypt in 1899 and had been a student of Al-Afahni. Raised awareness about the Colonial occupation and that society was corrupt and had lost its values. We’ve reached this state because of ignorance, with the Ulema being in a state of stagnation. He believed in the importance of the law- Shari’a and natural law. Islam should be adapted to modern times. Didn’t like Arab Nationalism. [Afghani's student. State of stagnation, law important, make Islam modern.] |
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| (1963): Elite and member of Wafd party. Influence by western ideas, especially freedom. Government is in the hands of the people and people should participate. Muslim society is not the best because all societies are equal. Ignores the Caliphate and wants a free society without a despot controlling the people. Believes in free speech and was influenced by Tahtawi. [Freedom. No Caliph.] |
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| (1873): For a community to reach independence it needs freedom of expression and action. Secularism, belong to a nation and that nation has a past (even if it’s pre-Islamic). Egypt has a past and you cannot forget about it. [Freedom of speech, national identity important] |
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| (1966): Writing during fall of Ottoman Empire, thinks people don’t need a Caliph and can just pray on their own and follow Shari’a especially because nothing in the Qur’an or Hadith says you need a Caliph. Thinks Muhammad wasn’t political and the people after him played it up so they could take more power. [No Caliph. Muhammad wasn't political.] |
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| (1935): He was very critical of Ali Abd al-Raziq because he thinks that Muhammad was a political leader. Revival of the Caliphate is important for uniting the Muslim world. He thought it was fine to have new laws if they didn’t conflict w/ Shari’a. he also believed in rebelling if ppl were unhappy. He started more conservative and then realized that you can’t go back to the old times, you have to modernize. He was pro Arab-Nationalism. [Didn't like Ali Abd al-Raziq. Thought Caliph should unite Muslims. Muhammad was political, secular laws okay, rebel if unhappy.] |
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| (1966): Spent time in the West but didn’t like it so came back to Egypt. Religion most important aspect and Shari’a is final but Islam is changing. He was a very important member of Egypt’s MB. He served 10 years in prison and wrote ‘Milestones’ which talks about overthrowing governments by any means necessary. Killed by Nasser. [Militant MB, wrote Milestones, didn't like the West.] |
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| renovate totally, overhaul the system |
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| try to work with what you have and repair |
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| People who heck on the ruler and make sure he's in line |
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| consensus of the community |
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| Public interest should be the community's primary guide |
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| going back to the roots and fundamentals of Islam |
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| Grant of land by the ruler in return for military services. When service is done, the land returns to the state. |
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| 1. People who wrote to the rulers about how to best rule and give guidelines/advice. 2. Rulers giving advice to their son. |
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| Making decisions based on reason. |
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| Period of time before Islam. State of ignorance. |
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