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Music history final terms
Fall 2013, Dr. Robert Harris
136
Music
Undergraduate 4
12/03/2013

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Cards

Term
Leonin and Perotin
Definition
little is known about perotin, but both were big names. two musicians known for creating polyphony at Notre Dame. Leonin became a priest, wrote 8 books and several shorter works. Leonin came first, although they did live in the same-ish time period.
Term
troubadour and trouvere
Definition
chanssonieres (songbook) for the troubadours who spoke occitan and lived in southern france. trouveres lived in northern france
Term
hurdy gurdy
Definition
3 stringed instrument with a crank. crank sounded 2 strings whilst you played the third. fool.
Term
shawm
Definition
double reed, oboe ancestor. no keys, only holes
Term
pastorel
Definition
little dramas
Term
cornetto
Definition
made of wood, and had a cupped mouthpiece like a trumpet
Term
high and low instruments
Definition
refers to dynamics not pitch of instruments
Term
discant
Definition
style of organum when both parts move at about the same rate. long melisma.
Term
organum
Definition
initially all parallel motion, no independent movement.
Term
florid
Definition
style of organum, upper voice moves much more, while the chant melody is in the bass
Term
Magnum Liber Organi
Definition
Leonin was credited with compiling the "great book of polyphony". contained two voice settings of solo portions of the responsorial chants for major feasts at the church or something like it.
Term
ars antiqua
Definition
old art; refers to the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages between approximately 1170 and 1310
Term
ars nova
Definition
musical style which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages: more particularly, in the period between the preparation of the Roman de Fauvel and the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut (1310 – 1377ish)
Term
duplum, triplum and quadruplum
Definition
long moving notes and a slow chant melody. leonin wrote mostly in duplum and perotin wrote in triplum and quadruplum. parts had relatively small range and thus crossed a lot.
Term
clausula
Definition
self-contained section of organum. substitute clausula could be moved around.
Term
polyphonic conductus
Definition
notre dame composers, set for 2-4 voices, still perfect intervals ver occasional 3rds, tenor part had more movement.
Term
incipit
Definition
a solo introduction to a piece.
Term
franconian notation
Definition
new note shapes (for duration of note)
Term
Petrus de Cruce
Definition
invented the barline, it was a dot at the time
Term
rondellus
Definition
a round where the voices trade
Term
rota
Definition
round, a perpetual canon at the unison
Term
tempus perfectus
Definition
triple meter
Term
tempus imperfectus
Definition
duple meter
Term
isorhytm
Definition
a musical technique that arranges a fixed pattern of pitches with a repeating rhythmic pattern.
Term
hocket
Definition
french term ''hiccup''. two voices alternating in rapid succession each resting while the other sings
Term
Guillame de Machaut
Definition
French, and a poet and of the ars nova period. Notre Dame. 1377 died. mass de notre dame (most famous work) each voice had it's own part.
Term
Francesco Landini
Definition
Blind organist, composer and instrument maker. Most popular italian composer
Term
squarcialupi codex
Definition
a collection of music
Term
ballata
Definition
italian poetic and musical form
Term
caccia
Definition
popular style melody is set in strict canon to lively, and graphically descriptive words
Term
saltarello
Definition
dance
Term
musica ficta
Definition
musicians were trained to use chromatic alterations during a performance. performer chose the optional alteration or not, mostly to avoid tritones in the melody
Term
sackbut
Definition
early trombone ancestor. considered a high instrument
Term
liturgical drama
Definition
musical drama associated with the church liturgy, performed by town guilds
Term
responsorial chant
Definition
chant is alternated between the soloist and the group
Term
heterophony
Definition
two singers, one sings as written other adds ornamentation
Term
velum
Definition
animal skin used as paper
Term
ordo virtutum
Definition
hildegard, first major piece by woman not associated with liturgy
Term
liber usualis
Definition
big book of chants trying to standardize chant throughout all the churches
Term
fantasia
Definition
vincentino, earliest purely instrumental forms. popular in italy
Term
program chanson
Definition
french secular song feat. word painting, janequin
Term
tablature
Definition
john dowland, ancestor to guitar tablature, method of notation for lute and other strings
Term
sonata pian e forte
Definition
gabrieli, first piece of music to specify dynamics, late 1500s
Term
villancico
Definition
juan del encino, spanish polyphonic secular song musical form spanish
Term
musica transalpina
Definition
nicholas yonge collection of italian madrigals translated into english
Term
triumphs of orianna
Definition
Thomas Moorely, collection of 25 madrigals by 23 different composers dedicated to queen elizabeth
Term
sacred service
Definition
henry 8, refers to the sacred music of the protestant church post-reformation, because they didn't use the catholic mass
Term
exposition and answer
Definition
exposition is the main theme, and usually played on tonic. the answer usually will be a response (maybe even the exposition) on the dominant.
Term
Stadtpfeifer
Definition
German word for town pipers
Term
orchestral concerto
Definition
work in several movements that emphasized the first violin part and the bass, distinguishing the concerto from the more contrapuntal texture characteristic of the sonata
Term
concerto grosso
Definition
set a small ensemble of solo instruments (concertino) against a large ensemble (concerto grosso)
Term
tutti
Definition
all
Term
ripieno
Definition
full
Term
sonata de chiesa (church sonata)
Definition
contained mostly abstract movements, often including one or more that used dance rhythms or binary form but were not usually titled as dances.
Term
chamber sonata (sonata da camera)
Definition
series of stylized dances often beginning with a prelude
Term
liturgy
Definition
the text for worship
Term
neumes
Definition
directional notes in old notation. the showed contour and direction, but not the actual note
Term
Guido d'Arezzo
Definition
(991-1033) invented solfege and the four line staff; Schola Cantorum
Term
Guido's Hand
Definition
Guido d'Arezzo's hand system of solfege
Term
offices and vespers
Definition
a series of services that occurred at specific times in the day. vespers was the most important one musically and occurred at sunset
Term
minnesinger
Definition
German; knightly poetic musicians
Term
cantigas
Definition
a collection of songs, praising the virgin mary
Term
florid
Definition
style of organum, upper voice moves much more while the chant melody is in the bass
Term
performance practice
Definition
how music should be performed with strict authenticity
Term
Causa pulchritudinis
Definition
'for the sake of beauty'. this goes with the musica ficta; the idea that the soloist had control over exactly what pitch they wanted if expressed by the composer, so as to avoid tritones
Term
Boethius
Definition
(480-524 AD) theoretician; De Instituione Musica
Term
Johannes Tinctoris
Definition
wrote "LIber de Arte Contrapuncti", which outlined the new standards of harmony and said nothing written before 1430 was worth hearing
Term
Discant
Definition
an unwritten part that was parallel to the cantus firmus. improvised, probably a 6th away
Term
faburden (fauxbourdon)
Definition
another improvised part, similar to the discant
Term
carol
Definition
polyphonic; alternated a verse with a chorus (called a burden)
Term
John Dunstable
Definition
composed in all polyphonic (mostly vocal) genres, both sacred and secular.
Term
Motet
Definition
still evolving, thought of as a church anthem. review. p 174
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
reformation and "all that shit"
Term
missa choralis
Definition
a plainsong mass
Term
ground bass
Definition
a short, directly repeated, usually descending and minor, bass melody. very popular during the baroque
Term
Josquin des prez
Definition
first big composer of the renaissance, highly respected. held many prestigious court positions and even worked for the pope. wrote masses, motetes, chansons
Term
contrafactum
Definition
new words to old music, borrowing was a compliment, not copyright infringement.
Term
Chorale
Definition
hymn tunes in the lutheran church, and written for the congregation
Term
Cantata
Definition
extended work based ona chorale, counterpointed all over the place. Came in cycles of 260 (5 years of sundays)
Term
King Henry VIII
Definition
all his wives and shit. know it.
Term
catholicism and england in the renaissance
Definition
mass=service (were all in English)
motet=anthem
Term
anthem
Definition
fall anthem- a capella, usually polyphonic
verse anthem- accompanied
Term
Thomas Tallis
Definition
composed through all the monarchy and church changes, wrote for both
Term
William Byrd
Definition
English composer. Was Catholic, but no one killed him cause he had mad skills writing music. He did write for both like Tallis
Term
Spem in Alium
Definition
40 part motet by Tallis, written in Latin for Queen Elizabeth
Term
madrigal
Definition
a catch-all generic term, secular, a million different forms
Term
word painting
Definition
applies to vocal music, and the words dictate what is done with the melody
Term
Vincentino
Definition
Italian, renaissance, experimented with dissonance, quarter tones and chromaticism
Term
Gesualdo
Definition
renaissance, experimented with dissonance. murdered his wife
Term
Jacques Arcadelt
Definition
madrigal composer of the renaissance
Term
Claudin de sermisy
Definition
french, invented a very pictoral form of the chanson
Term
Michael Praetorius
Definition
composer, but mostly known for the Syntagma Musicum: an early music encyclopedia. also did collections and arrangements of dances.
Term
Terpischore
Definition
Michael Praetorius' famous collection of 312 instrumental dances (1612)
Term
Giovanni Gabrieli
Definition
very famous baroque composer, wrote the first piece that we know of that had specified dynamic markings. The king of polychoral antiphonal church music.
Term
suite
Definition
a collection of dances
Term
canzona
Definition
instrumental pieces for church
Term
basso continuo
Definition
new to the baroque. the chord part only gave bass notes and the rest was figured bass or improvised
Term
realization
Definition
the term for the keyboard players improvisation from the given bass line
Term
bass
Definition
actually a cello, got the same part as the chord player, only plays the line
Term
The Camerata
Definition
a group of noblemen in Florence, Italy that were poutting on Greek plays and decided to set the Greek chorus to music, then the whole thing. Both the Camerata and Monteverdi are credited with the birth of opera
Term
pastoral drama
Definition
play with music and songs interpersed, and dealt with riral settings
Term
madrigal comedy
Definition
a cycle telling a story, usually silly
Term
intermedio
Definition
higher dollar show, let more directly to opera
Term
recitative
Definition
a passage in which the words are sung in a way that resembles speech
Term
aria
Definition
originally any expressive melody, usually, but not always, performed by a singer
Term
sinfonia
Definition
Italian word for symphony
Term
ritornello
Definition
introduction to what's coming next. often returns (ritorn) at the end
Term
Claudio Monteverdi
Definition
only wrote vocal works. was both a Baroque and Renaissance composer, and quite successful. L'Euridice, L'orfeo yada yada
Term
Castrati
Definition
For your studying pleasure, this gem is taken directly from someone's notes: absolute rock stars....with no balls.
Term
concitato genere
Definition
excited style, a quick thing to convey anger or any other emotion in early opera
Term
Francesca Caccini
Definition
Florence, Italy. first female opera composer, also sang and was a big name
Term
impresario
Definition
the guy in charge of the theater. a modern day producer
Term
operatic diva
Definition
the singers figured out they could make a lot of money and attention
Term
Barbara Strozzi
Definition
female composer of madrigals, cantatas and arias. wrote for small private gatherings rather than large, public audiences.
Term
ground bass
Definition
repeating pattern in bass, upper voices work to hide the repetition
Term
sacred concerto
Definition
like a catholic version of cantanta
Term
cantata
Definition
short sung piece, frequently aria
Term
stile antico
Definition
old style (polyphony, counterpoint)
Term
stile moderno
Definition
new style, early 17th century
Term
oratorio
Definition
works for chorus, orchestra and soloist
Term
Giacomo Carissimi
Definition
leading composer of latin oratorios. Jepthah and stuff
Term
Heinrich Shutz
Definition
Luteran composer, known for church music. Studied with Gabrieli
Term
passion
Definition
oratorio dealing specifically with holy week
Term
historia
Definition
luteran genre based on biblical narrative
Term
salamone Rossi
Definition
Jewish composer, and quite important. dunno why.
Term
Elisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre
Definition
child prodigy, french, was apart of the king's mistress's entourage, wrote some keyboard sonatas, opera and was big at her time....recently rediscovered
Term
French Castrati
Definition
NO.
Term
Henry Purcell
Definition
Mid-baroque, brought up in music from childhood, died of pneumonia and is in Westminster abbey. was a major composer of the time. wrote dido and aenaus, the most performed baroque opera
Term
catch
Definition
a round with raunchy text
Term
Alessandro Scarlatti
Definition
NOT DOMINICO! wrote a lot of vocal music. was born the same year as Bach (1685) and other things maybe?
Term
Arcangelo Corelli
Definition
played violin, no vocal music, only chamber music
Term
Trio sonata
Definition
Term
Jean-Philippe Rameau
Definition
Paris, wrote "treatise on harmony", much of which still applies and was absolutely huge at the time. wrote operas and ballets
Term
Antonio Vivaldi
Definition
Worked at Pieta, which was a hospital/boarding school/welfare institution that provided excellent musical instruction to young women with talent, paralleled the conservatories. Worked there for 40 years on and off. was an ordained priest, and was known as the 'red priest' cause he had red hair, eventually quit priesthood because of his asthma. played violin and wrote several hundred concertos, mostly instrumental.
Term
J.S. Bach
Definition
didn't write one opera. church musician. wrote a lot, look it up. It's Bach.
Term
Handel
Definition
went to italy and absorbed the style. pretty much became an italian composer. Went to Hanover, Germany and stuff happened. Went to London and was highly successful. Went back to Hanover and went back to London after that, without Hanover's blessing (oooooo!). Water Music is the pieces that supposedly won King George's heart over after Queen Elizabeth died. Messiah and stuff...apparently, King George started the tradition of standing during the hallelulia chorus
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