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        | aristocratic composer-poet of northern France |  
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        | melody is divided into fragments and shared among voices |  
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        | canon at the unison with independent lines |  
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        | wooden instrument with fingerholes & brass-type mouthpiece |  
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        | polyphonic sections of chant that were sung in discant-style |  
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        | German equivalent to troubadours and trouveres |  
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        | double-reed instrument, similar to the oboe |  
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        | songbook collections of troubadour and trouvere polyphony |  
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        | aristocratic composer-poet of southern France |  
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        | Franco of Cologne's treatise on notation and theory |  
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        | monophonic song of Spain in honor of the Virgin Mary |  
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        | de Vitry's treatise outlining 14th c. compositional techniques |  
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        | polyphony in which voices move at essentially the same speed |  
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        | a medieval circle dance or the song that accompanies it |  
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        | polyphonic work with texts in Latin/French above a cantus firmus |  
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        | wandering scholar/poets who created satirical secular songs |  
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        | melismatic passage at beginning and at cadences in conductus |  
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        | stringed instrument with drone and rotating wheel turned by crank |  
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        | treatise outlining rules for improvising/composing free organum |  
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        | was the treatise that the Notre Dame School came up with for notation |  
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