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| In what decade did the Rococo musical style primarily reside? |
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| When does the Classic era start and end? |
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| A German philosopher from the Age of Enlightenment |
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Which philosopher of the enlightenment said something along these lines? (1690)
o “A contract exists between the government and the governed”
o “If government violates this contract, the governed can rebel” |
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| Who was the leader of French thinkers during the Enlightenment? |
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| Fraternal organization that promoted the idea that “all men are brothers” |
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| Name three distinct members of the Freemasons. |
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Definition
o Emperor Joseph II of Austria
o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
o George Washington |
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| Who established the University of Virginia? |
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| Which two wars sent France into bankruptcy? |
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Definition
| The Seven Years' War and the French and Indian War |
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| Who were Europe's enlightened rulers, and which countries did they rule? |
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Definition
- Frederick the Great – Prussia
- Catharine the Great – Russia
- Joseph II – Austria |
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| How did Emperor Joseph II reduce the power of the clergy? |
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Definition
o Made clergy lose civil legal power
o Marriage became a civil legal arrangement
o Required clergy to attend seminaries and swear allegiance to the Emperor |
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Term
| Where was the musical center of Europe in the 1780s and 90s? |
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| By 1800, what were the primary musical forum in all major European cities? |
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| What family did Haydn work for most of his life? |
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| What were some general characteristics of the Classic era? |
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Definition
- Balance and proportion
- Clarity and accessibility
- “Easy on the ear”
- Beautiful, moving and profound
- Appeal to experienced listeners and amateurs alike
- Melody and accompaniment
- Light and simple |
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Term
| What were some SPECIFIC characteristics of the music of the Classic era? |
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Definition
- Rhythm – highly flexible
- Dynamics – Wide variety, composers specify p, mp, mf, f
- Idea of crescendo and decrescendo come into general use
- Fortepiano and Pianoforte supplant the Harpsichord as the keyboard of choice, due to said instruments having a wider range
- Melody – takes on great importance
o Melodies have a pleasing quality to them
o Audiences can now “hum the tunes”
- Phrases – balanced, usually 2 or 4 bars long
- Harmony – generally simple, logical and clear
o Straightforward harmonic accompaniment
o Little counterpoint
o Simple Bass line provides the foundation for the chord
o Baroque basso continuo is gone |
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Term
| Describe the basic instrumentation of the Classical orchestra. |
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Definition
- Strings (violin 1 and 2, viola, cello, double bass)
- Woodwinds (flute, oboe, bassoon) and French Horns in pairs |
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| how quickly chords change |
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| Name one of Mozart's opera serias. |
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| While instrumental music was theorized to appeal to the heart, vocal music was said to appeal to the: |
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| In what ways did Gluck work for change in opera? |
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Definition
- No da capo arias
- Little/no vocal improvisation
- No long melismas
- Syllabic text settings
- Blurring recitative and aria
o Accompanied recitative
- Simpler melodies
- Overture linked by theme/mood to the ensuing action
- More prominence of the chorus |
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Term
| What was the name of Mozart's librettist? |
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| How many movements did the standard Classical concerto have? |
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Definition
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| Describe the movements of the standard classical concerto. |
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Definition
1st Fast Sonata Tonic
2nd Slow Theme and Variations or Aria Dominant, Subdominant, relative minor
3rd Very fast Minuet and Trio |
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Term
| What was Mozart's first official job? |
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Definition
| Junior composer under the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg |
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| What was the name of Mozart's wife? |
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| in which a powerful ruler exercises restraint and works constantly for the good of the whole |
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| What three revolutions were occurring around the time of the Classical era? |
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Definition
| American, French, and Industrial |
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| a search for themes, often opening with rhapsodic, quasi-improvisatory flourishes on the triad |
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| rollicking and boisterous; always in triple meter and almost always consists of two juxtaposed binary forms |
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| In what forms are finales most common? |
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a type of movement associated largely with finales and found in many different instrumental genres; derived from a Baroque dance form (ABACADA)
- opening theme is typically brief and catchy
- closed, self-contained unit consisting of an antecedent and consequent phrase with a cadence in the tonic |
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| contrasting ideas in rondo form |
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| A(I) B(V) A(I) C(X) A(I) B(I) A(I) |
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Term
| What kind of sonata form did Haydn employ? |
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Definition
| Sonata form with varied reprise – exposition is not repeated note for note, but is instead changed in subtle ways |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the movements of the standard Classical symphony. |
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Definition
- 1st movement: weightiest of the four and sets tone; sonata form w/ slow intro sometimes
- 2nd movement: slow; sonata form, sonata form w/o development, theme and variations, aria; usually in a key other than the tonic, most commonly the subdominant
- 3rd movement: Minuet; “dance inspired”
- 4th movement: finale, relatively light; sonata, rondo, sonata-rondo |
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Term
| Describe the double-exposition concerto form. |
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Definition
- Tutti exposition (tonic)
- Solo exposition (tonicsecondary)
- Development (unstable)
- Recapitulation (tonic)
- Cadenza & coda (tonic) |
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| Mozart’s music in general is renowned for its abundance of thematic ideas, while Haydn tends to develop a smaller number of ideas more thoroughly. |
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| a work intended for performance between the acts of a larger (serious) opera |
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| What form does the first movement of a symphony employ the most? |
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| a big formal pause for the soloist to improvise and display their virtuosity becomes formalized. It occurs shortly before the end of the first movement. |
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| Chamber music was written with ________ musicians in mind. |
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Nature: Art:
Genius Technique
Inspiration Craft
Unconscious Conscious
Effortlessness Hard work
Divine Human
Not teachable Teachable |
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| What kind of musical form was the sonata? |
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