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Music History Antiquity-Baroque
Chapters 31-35
74
Music
Undergraduate 2
12/11/2009

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Term
basso ostinato
Definition
a bass line that insistently repeats, note for note
Term
cantata
Definition
"something sung" as opposed to a sonata, which was "something sounded" on an instrument
Term
chamber cantata
Definition
vocal chamber music of early Baroque; select private audiences; solo voice alternating recitative and aria with basso continuo and a few instruments
Term
chaconne/passacaglia
Definition
originally separate and distinct bass melodies; during the 17th c. came to mean almost any repeating bass pattern of short duration
Term
concerted madrigal
Definition
madrigal in the early Baroque concertato style with strong contrasts in textures and timbres involving voices and instruments
Term
concerted motet
Definition
motet in the early Baroque concertato style with strong contrasts in textures and timbres involving voices and instruments
Term
cori spezzati
Definition
music for two, three, or four choirs placed in different parts of a building
Term
Kapellmeister
Definition
chief of music at court; the German equivalent of maestro di cappella (chapel master) in Italy
Term
lament bass
Definition
a descending tetrachordal basso ostinato employed during the Baroque era as a musical signifier of grief
Term
stile concertato
Definition
Baroque music of grand scale and strong contrasts between voices and instruments, instrumental ensembles, choral groups, or soloist(s) and choir
Term
stile concitato
Definition
"agitated style" particularly suited to warlike music; Monteverdi used term for a style he created; more direct and insistent than previous martial music
Term
Giovanni Gabrielli
Definition
early Baroque composer at St. Mark's in Venice; polychoral, concerted, "surround-sound" compostitions; first to indicate dynamics in a score
Term
Barbara Strozzi
Definition
early 17th c. Venetian composer of early chamber cantatas; over 100 works mostly for solo sporano (or castrato) and basso continuo
Term
Heinrich Schütz
Definition
early 17th c. German composer; helped bring Italian innovations (stile concertato, stile rappresentativo, etc.) to Germany; Kapellmeister at Dresden
Term
St. Mark's Basilica
Definition
the "birthplace" of a sacred polychoral, surround-sound compositional style made possible through presence of multiple choir lofts
Term
cappella pontificia sistina
Definition
the pope's private vocal ensemble as it came to be called in the early seventeenth century and that sang in the Sistine Chapel
Term
colossal Baroque
Definition
style of large-scale sacred music employing multiple choirs of voices and instruments; sung in largest churches in Rome, Venice, Vienna, and Salzburg
Term
da capo aria
Definition
vocal piece with two sections; repeat of the first (ABA); reprise not written out; inscription meaning "take it from the head;" reprise more ornamented
Term
falsobordonne
Definition
improvisatory technique used by church singers resulting in series of root position chords; originated in Spain and Italy around 1480
Term
oratorio
Definition
musical setting of a dramatic text; originally in Latin or Italian; often stories from Old Testament; in essence an unstaged sacred opera
Term
oratory
Definition
a prayer hall set aside just for praying, preaching, and devotional singing
Term
organ Mass
Definition
a Mass in which an organ alternates with, or entirely replaces, the choir
Term
organ verset
Definition
an independent organ section in an alternatim organ Mass; a short piece that replaces a liturgical item otherwise sung by the choir
Term
ricercar (17th c.)
Definition
a tightly organized, monothematic organ composition perfected by Frescobaldi that influenced the later fugal writing of J.S. Bach
Term
ritornello
Definition
a distinctive musical theme, most often instrumental, which repeatedly returns during a composition (somewhat similar to a refrain)
Term
stile antico
Definition
the name given to the conservative music emanating from the papal chapel in the seventeenth century
Term
tonal answer
Definition
a following voice that imitates the subject at the interval of a fifth above or fourth below; modifies the subject so as to keep the music in the home tonality
Term
Girolamo Frescobaldi
Definition
foremost organist in Rome during first half of the 17th c.; 1635 collection of organ Mass music entitled "Fiori musicali" (Musical Flowers)
Term
Alessandro Scarlatti
Definition
prolific Italian Baroque composer of 600 cantatas, 100 operas, and 30 oratorios; helped develop and standardize the da-capo aria form
Term
Giacomo Carissimi
Definition
17th c. Italian composer known best for his Old Testament oratorios (Jonah, David & Goliath, Jephte); director of music at the German College in Rome
Term
binary form
Definition
a structure consisting of two parts, the first moving to a closely related key and the second beginning in that new key but soon returning to the tonic
Term
cadenza
Definition
a technically demanding, rhapsodic, improvisatory passage for a soloist near the end of a movement
Term
clarino
Definition
the very high register of the trumpet; playing in this register was a special technique of Baroque trumpeters that was exploited by Baroque composers
Term
concetino
Definition
the small group of solo performers in a concerto grosso
Term
concerto
Definition
a purely instrumental piece for ensemble in which one or more soloists both complement and compete with a full orchestra
Term
concerto grosso
Definition
a concerto in which a larger body of performers, the full orchestr, contrasts with a smaller group of soloists
Term
da camera
Definition
(of the chamber) a seventeenth-century designation for music that was not intended primarily for the church
Term
da chiesa
Definition
(of the church) a seventeenth century designation for music that was intended primarily for the church
Term
multiple stops
Definition
on a violin (or other bowed string instruments) playing two or more notes simultaneously as chords
Term
ripieno
Definition
the larger ensemble (full orchestra) in a concerto grosso
Term
ritornello form
Definition
a carefully worked out structure for a concerto grosso, which employs regular reappearances of a recurring melody or refrain
Term
sinfonia
Definition
three-section or three-movement instrumental work (generally fast-slow-fast); might preface an opera or stand alone as an independent composition
Term
solo concerto
Definition
a concerto composed for only one solo instrument
Term
solo sonata
Definition
played by a single melody instrument such as a violin, flute or oboe; usually accompanied in the Baroque era by a basso continuo
Term
sonata
Definition
originally "something sounded" on an instrument; opposed to something sung (a "cantata"); later a multimovement work for solo instrument or ensemble
Term
trio sonata
Definition
instrumental composition for two treble instruments (usually two violins) and basso continuo
Term
Salomone Rossi
Definition
early Baroque Italian (and Jewish) composer; wrote single movement, multi-sectional trio sonatas as well as religious music for use in ghetto synagogues
Term
Archangelo Corelli
Definition
Baroque composer/violinist; worked primarily in Rome; standardized mutli-movement trio sonata & binary form; early use of circle of 5ths progressions
Term
Antonio Vivaldi
Definition
late Baroque composer/violinist; worked primarily at a girls school (La Pieta) in Venice; wrote over 400 solo and concerto grossos
Term
Giuseppe Torelli
Definition
Baroque composer/violinist; worked primarily in Bologna and known today primarily for his trumpet compositions
Term
allemande
Definition
usually the first dance in a Baroque suite; a stately dance in 4/4 meter at a moderate tempo with upbeat and gracefully interweaving lines
Term
chorale fantasia
Definition
lengthy composition for organ that takes a chorale tune as a point of departure but increasingly gives free rein to the composer's imagination
Term
chorale prelude
Definition
ornamental setting of a pre-existing chorale tune intended to be played on the organ before the singing of the chorale by the full congregation
Term
courante
Definition
lively dance in triple meter characterized by metrical ambiguity created by hemiola; one of the four dances typically making up a Baroque dance suite
Term
dance suite
Definition
an ordered set of dances for solo instrument or ensemble, all written in the same key and intended to be performed in a single sitting
Term
gigue
Definition
fast dance in 6/8 or 12/8; constant eighth-note pulse; galloping sound; sometimes lightly imitative; often used to conclude a suite in the Baroque
Term
minuet
Definition
triple-meter dance that was often added movement toward the end of the Baroque dance suite
Term
program music
Definition
instrumental music that explicitly embodies extra-musical content
Term
sarabande
Definition
slow, stately dance in 3/4 with a strong accent on the second beat; one of four dances typically found within a Baroque dance suite
Term
scordatura
Definition
tuning a string instrument to something other than standard tuning
Term
Johann Froberger
Definition
Austrian keyboard performer/composer; standardized Baroque dance suite using four principal dances; penchant for composing expressive "laments"
Term
Franz Biber
Definition
Bohemian-born virtuoso violinist; Kapellmeister in Salzburg; wrote programmatic violin "Rosary" or "Mystery" sonatas with alternative string tunings
Term
Dieterich Buxtehude
Definition
North German organist; associated with Abendmusik concerts in Lübeck; hundreds of organ compositions; JS Bach walked 280 miles to hear him play
Term
Johann Pachelbel
Definition
17th c. South German composer trained in Catholic church tradition style; vocal and instrumental music; most famous today for his three-voice canon
Term
air de cour
Definition
French term for a simple, strophic song for a single voice or a small group of soloists; used in French Baroque "operas"
Term
ballet de cour
Definition
elaborate ballet with songs and choruses at French royal court from the late 16th to 17th c.; court members appeared alongside professional dancers
Term
cantate française
Definition
virtually identical to the late seventeenth-century Italian chamber cantata except that it set a French rather than an Italian text
Term
divertissement
Definition
lavishly choreographed interlude with occasional singing set within French ballet de cour; "entertainment" in an opera or ballet loosely to plot
Term
French overture
Definition
instrumental prelude created by Lully in two sections; first slow in duple meter with dotted note values; second fast in triple meter and with light imitation
Term
récitatif ordinaire
Definition
style of recitative, developed by French composer Jean- Baptiste Lully, noteworthy for its length, vocal range, and generally dramatic quality
Term
tragédie lyrique
Definition
French opera in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which was a fusion of classical French tragedy with traditional French ballet
Term
24 Violons du Roi
Definition
group of instrumentalists of the violin family that formed the string core of the French court orchestra under Louis XIV
Term
Jean-Baptiste Lully
Definition
the principlal royal composer to Louis XIV; held virtual musical monopoly during lifetime; developed "tragedie lyrique" and French overture
Term
E. J. de la Guerre
Definition
French Baroque composer especially known for "cantate française" compositions; synthesized both French and Italian styles - "les gouts réunis"
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