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Music Business 1
Final Exam Terms
126
Music
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2010

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Term
Commercial
Definition
Done for profit
Term
Colaborator
Definition
Someone who combines the work
Term
Demo
Definition
Demonstration Recordings
Term
Hook
Definition
Memorable lyric or passage
Term
Lead Sheet
Definition
Piece of music that only has lead sheets, melody, and text without the accompaniment
Term
Mechanicals
Definition
Royalties payed by manufacturer to the owner of a music copyright
Term
NASM
Definition
National Association of Schools of Music
Term
Song Doctor
Definition
Fixes songs, writer who rearranges songs to make them more suitable
Term
Songwriters Guild of America
Definition
Assists members by helping as lobbyists and providing general assistance to writers
Term
Split Publishing
Definition
One party shares their ownership rights
Term
Royalties
Definition
Consideration or payment for the right to use copyrighted material or compensation for services
Term
Work Made for Hire
Definition
Work especially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work
Term
Default and Cure
Definition
The inability to meet expected payments

Cure --> time given to clarify the situation
Term
Control Composition Clause
Definition
States that recording company will pay only a percentage ( 75%) of current mechanical royalty rate to composer and publisher for any song written or co-authored by that artist/composer. Additionally there is a cap on the total mechanics payable on an album.
Term
Harry Fox Agency
Definition
Cleaning house monitary service for mechanical licensing and royalty collection and distribution
Term
License See
Definition
Person or company granted a right to do or sell something
Term
Song Casting
Definition
Finding the right artist to perform a song
Term
Split Copyright
Definition
Copyright owner shares ownership with one or more people
Term
Self-Publishing
Definition
Foreign exploitation of copyrights Via a license from the original publisher; at the source deal, publisher and writers share income calculated on what is earned on the income
Term
Catalogue
Definition
Often refers to rep released by a record company or recording artist
Term
NMPA
Definition
National Music Publishers Association
Term
Title Search
Definition
Inspection of public records in order to trace the owner of copyright or property and/or to establish the chain of title
Term
Reversion
Definition
(recapture) Return of copyright to assigner after a contract, license, or assignment expires is voided.
Term
Sampling
Definition
Basis for how digital sound recordings work. Each section of recorded sound is sampled or extracted at a specific rate.
Term
Self Contained Act
Definition
Group or individual that that only use their own materials
Term
Cover Record
Definition
Song that has been rerecorded by other artists after first recording by the artist who originally introduced it
Term
Paper Business
Definition
Printed-edition sector of a music publishing company
Term
Reversion
Definition
If recording goal has not been reached, writer will grant the publisher an extension period of 6 months
Term
Bundle of Rights
Definition
The six exclusive rights in copyright ownership vested initially and exclusively in the author of a work.
Term
Copyright
Definition
The legal right to produce, adapt, distribute, perform publicly, and display a work of intellectual property.
Term
Derivative work
Definition
A work based on one or more preexisting works, such as a translation,musical arrangement, dramatization, fictionalization, motion picture version, sound recording, art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted.
Term
Intellectual Property
Definition
Ideals translated from creators' minds to tangible expressions such as songs, writing, and other forms.
Term
Phonorecords
Definition
Any physical medium carrying recorded music, such as a phonograph record, CD, or prerecorded tape.
Term
Publishing
Definition
In the music industry, publishing is the distribution of printed copies or phonorecords for sale, or the control of the exploitation of a work in in a print or nonprint medium.
Term
Webcasting
Definition
Broadcasting over the internet; the distribution of media files over the internet via streaming media technology.
Term
ASCAP
Definition
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers
Term
BMI
Definition
Broadcast Music Inc.
Term
Blanket License
Definition
Allows entire repertoire (from all affiliated writers and publishers) to be used by broadcasters and others for a single, annual fee.
Term
Consent Decree
Definition
Judicial ruling expressing a voluntary agreement between parties to a suit
Term
Dramatic Music
Definition
Music closely related to drama or a scenario, particularly opera, a musical play, ballet, narration.
Term
Grand Right
Definition
Performance right in dramatic music
Term
Licensing
Definition
The awarding of rights to perform, reproduce, distribute, or transmit, a copyrighted work.
Term
Mechanical License
Definition
Legal permission given by the copyright owner to make a commercial recording of copyrighted music.
Term
PRO
Definition
Performing Rights Organization.
Term
SESAC
Definition
Society of European Stage Authors and Composers. For- Profit organization, smallest U.S performing rights society, and exploits both catalog aquisitions and licensing opportunities.
Term
Small Right
Definition
Performance right in nondramatic music
Term
Source License
Definition
When an entertainment company does not want to pay for a complete catalog when they use only a small portion or have limited need for music performances.
Term
Synchronization Rights
Definition
The right to use music in such a way that it is timed to synchronize with, or relate to, action on film or video.
Term
Transcription License
Definition
Applied imprecisely to cover music used by syndicated programs, and background music companies.
Term
Venue
Definition
Place of performance or trial
Term
Weighting Formula
Definition
Evaluations by a performing rights organization used in determining the relative value of various kinds of music performances in order to judge what royalties are due a writer or publisher.
Term
Adversary Relationship
Definition
Individuals, when entering into a contract negotiation, become advisaries, despite how well they know or get along with eachother
Term
Artist's Personal Manager
Definition
Represents client by seeking employment for them, and as an employment agent, this person is subject to state law. Also in charge of wardrobe and overall personal things.
Term
Contingent Payment Plan
Definition
Client pays low hourly rate, provided the gross compensation payable to lawyer in any calender month is not less than a specified percentage as clients
Term
Full Service Agency
Definition
Self explanatory. Has everything and anything that an artist, actor, etc. needs.
Term
Extra Legal Service
Definition
Situation where client's attorney also manages client's business, not just providing legal service
Term
Franchised Agent
Definition
Talent agent licensed by an artist union or guild
Term
Keyman Clause
Definition
Allows artist to accompany a preferred agent who switches agencies and there will be no legal or financial penalties
Term
Talent Agent
Definition
Person who books artist gigs, performances, and venues.
Term
Roadies/Techies
Definition
Label used to describe people hired to move and set up stuff for a concert
Term
AFTRA Code
Definition
National code of fair practice for sound recordings -> covers all singers, soloists, back up singers, choirs, etc.
Term
Contingent Scale Payment
Definition
Extra royalty payments based on the number of recordings sold. Beneficial to singers other than primary artists
Term
Royalty Artists
Definition
Person who is compensated for their services as a recording artist by royalties payed on each unit record ( or song) manufactured, distributed, or sold
Term
AFM ( H& W )
Definition
AFM Health + H&W Welfare Funds:
wages paid to musician services , to locals that have established them or directly to musicians, absent such a plan, and up to 12% of gross sale wages
Term
Acquired Master
Definition
codes needed to use AFTRA owned music, etc.
Term
Chargeback
Definition
An expense assessment, a charge by a recording company against an artist's royalties
Term
Contractor
Definition
In unions, the steward that hires performers, supervises their working conditions \, and confirms they are properly paid
Term
Cross-Collateralize
Definition
Shift of royalties from one property to the credit or debit of another property, resulting in a net total of royalties earned by all of them
Term
Creative Control
Definition
The Artist's trach record and bargaining power will determine the amount of control an artist has over issues such as song selection, choice of producer, and style of album graphic art
Term
Special Payments Fund
Definition
When a recording company becomes a signatory to the AFM Sound recording labor agreement, simultaneously executes a Special Payments fund agreement.
Term
Work dues
Definition
Amount assessed to or payed by workers generally 1 to 5 % of union scale wages earned by members
Term
New Use
Definition
Application of recorded music tape or film to a medium different from the one originally intended
Term
Extended Use
Definition
Pre-recorded tape or film used for a period longer than the one initially paid for
Term
Union Steward
Definition
Inermediary in union that relays info from union to employers
Term
Sunset Clause
Definition
A provision in a contract specifying that an agreement, regulation, or law will end or be modified in a predetermined way at a future point in time
Term
AFM
Definition
American Federation of Musicians
Term
SAG
Definition
Screen Actors Guild
Term
AFTRA
Definition
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists
Term
AGMA
Definition
American Guild of Musical Artists
Term
AGVA
Definition
American Guild of Variety Artists
Term
AEA
Definition
Actor's equity association
Term
Equity
Definition
Actor's equity association
Term
IATSE
Definition
international alliance of theatrical stage employees
Term
Adjusted Gross Income
Definition
income after all allowable taxes have been taken out
Term
Commission Base
Definition
What a personal manager's commission usually stems from the artist gross income from all activity
Term
De-escalating of Commission
Definition
Switching from old to new managers
Term
Programming an Act
Definition
looking for a client to be a headliner or at least in the most advantages position
Term
Billing for an Act
Definition
Size, emphasis, position of the artists name in print ads, etc.
Term
Terms of a Contract
Definition
Generally 1-2 years -> manager attempts to make longest term contract
Term
Power of Attorney
Definition
Instrument authorizing another to act or attorney
Term
Analogue Recording
Definition
Method of conveying/storing audio signals in which signals vary continuously thus being subject to interference or restoring
Term
Mastering
Definition
Process by which album tracks are equalized and balanced in relation to each other then transfered through master storage device to be used as a duplicating master for the purpose of manufacturing recording.
Term
Over-Dub
Definition
Adding music and sounds to a prerecorded tape
Term
MIDI
Definition
Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Term
Master Purchase Agreement
Definition
A written agreement that provides the recovery of all/part of producers cost as well as a royalty that is shared by the producer/artist that have worked together on a project
Term
A & R
Definition
Artist in repertoire
Term
AES
Definition
Audio Engineering Society
Term
Analogue Recording
Definition
Electrical signal or wave form in which the amplitude and/or frequency vary continuously. Frequently contrasted with "digital."
Term
Digital Recording
Definition
Audio or video recording made with the analog signal converted into a stream of discrete number, thus producing an abstract template for the original sound or moving image.
Term
House Producer
Definition
One of the company's salaries staff production employees
Term
Points
Definition
Royalties: Synonymous with percentages
Term
Production Back-timing
Definition
Production planning so that preparation for performances to unfold in an orderly fashion
Term
Promo Pack
Definition
Package of free materials that may accompany purchase of musical instrument
Term
Papering the House
Definition
Giving away tickets to ensure a full house
Term
4 Walling
Definition
No box office -> only renting the theatre
Term
Control Sheet
Definition
Pulling together performance ideas on one sheet of paper -> used by experienced promoters
Term
NACA
Definition
National Association for Campus Activities
Term
SRO
Definition
Standing Room Only
Term
Split Point
Definition
Point of cumulative revenue which promoter and artist divide any net income from concerts
Term
Scaling the House
Definition
Determening pricing of different areas in a venue
Term
Technical Rider
Definition
Addendum to a performance contract stipulating requirements for staging, sound reinforcement, equipment,etc.
Term
Non-Profit
Definition
Something that is produced, formed, or presented without motive for financial gain
Term
Cost Benefit Ratios
Definition
Assessing the benefits of spending money on an artist production
Term
Art Music
Definition
Repertoire associated with opera, ballet, symphony, chamber music.
Term
NEA
Definition
National Endowment for the Arts, concerned with helping the U.S
Term
PBS
Definition
Broadcast to public
Term
LOAO
Definition
League of American Orchestras, nonprofit educational organization dedicated to strengthening symphony orchestras
Term
National Music Council
Definition
Umbrella organization by congress to serve commercial and noncommercial to serve the interest throughout the U.S
Term
American Council for the Arts
Definition
Forms a clearing house for info and ideas relating to state and regional art council and activities
Term
NAMM
Definition
National Association Music Merchants, helps members through training and promoting the benefits of music making
Term
AMC
Definition
American Music Conference, national nonprofit that promotes music benefits, making, and education to public
Term
Rack Jobber
Definition
Person paying rental fee for commission to maintain and sell inventory in a retail store.
Term
IMPA
Definition
NAMM + AMC together
Term
Big Box Stores
Definition
Look like big boxes (ex. Walmart)
Term
Full Line Stores
Definition
Sell everything and anything musical including lessons
Term
Combo Store
Definition
Sells music usually used by rock bands -> drums, guitars, etc.
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