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Music 101
Final Exam
108
Music
Undergraduate 1
05/03/2010

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Term
Range
Definition
Highest to lowest note of a melody or instrument
Term
Forte
Definition
Loud, or strong
Term
Crescendo
Definition
To get louder
Term
Absolute Pitch
Definition
Frequency of a sound wave expressed by vibrations per second
Term
Interval
Definition
Distance between two pitches
Term
Decrescendo
Definition
To get quieter
Term
Octave
Definition
Interval obtained by doubling or halving a frequency
Term
Indefinite Pitch
Definition
Sound incapable of being defined by a specific frequency
Term
Modulation
Definition
The change from one key (or tonic) to another
Term
Chord
Definition
Three or more notes sounded together
Term
Standard Range of Human Voice: Highest to Lowest
Definition
Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass
Term
Texture
Definition
The element that describes the musical fabric or the relationship of musical lines within a work
Term
Timbre
Definition
The quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another
Term
Syncopation
Definition
Placement of accents away from their normal stresses in the meter (i.e. on the weak beats)
Term
Concerto Grosso
Definition
A composition for two or more solo instruments and orchestra
Term
Diminuendo
Definition
To get gradually softer
Term
Ornamentation
Definition
Addition of fast notes (such as trills) to a melody, making it more virtuosic and expressive
Term
Concerto
Definition
A composition for orchestra and solo instrument
Term
Cadenza
Definition
An improvised passage for the soloist in a concerto
Term
Bass Ostinato
Definition
A melodic and/o rhythmic motive repeated over and over again in the bass
Term
Fugue
Definition
A composition written systematically in imitative polyphony, usually with a single main theme presented in each voice
Term
Terraced Dynamics
Definition
Sudden change of dynamics with no gradiation
Term
Rhythm
Definition
The element of music that organizes movement in time
Term
Cadences
Definition
The moments at the ends of phrases where a melody pauses or stops altogether
Term
The Ordinary
Definition
The portion of the Mass that remains the same in every celebration of the service
Term
Variation
Definition
The technique whereby some aspects of the music are changed yet the whole work remains recognizable
Term
The movements of the Ordinary of the Mass
Definition
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
Term
Motet
Definition
The early polyphonic genre that resulted from the addition of texts to all voices
Term
Text Painting
Definition
The expressive device used by Renaissance composers to pictorialize words musically
Term
Coloratura
Definition
The singing style characterized by fast runs and scales, a large pitch range, cadenzas, and virtuosic displays of all sorts
Term
Ritornello Form
Definition
A periodic return of a central, musical theme by the orchestra
The initial orchestral melody in a concerto grosso that returns from time to time
Term
Exposition
Definition
The section of a fugue in which all subject entries first occur
Term
Libretto
Definition
The text of an opera
Term
Recitative
Definition
The technique of declaiming words and plot musically in a heightened, theatrical manner
Portion of an opera that is more speech-like, usually describing plot or action
Term
Secco Recitative
Definition
A recitative in which only continuo instruments play the accompaniment
Term
Accompanied Recitative
Definition
A recitative with full orchestral accompaniment
Term
Syllabic
Definition
A setting of Gregorian chant with one note per syllable
Term
Organum
Definition
The earliest type of polyphony
Term
Paraphrase
Definition
The process by which Renaissance composers freely embellished plainchant melodies for use in their compositions
Term
Aria
Definition
A song-like opera solo that describes the character's emotional state
Term
Opera Buffa
Definition
Opera about common people in every-day situations
Term
Ensemble
Definition
Three or more singers in an opera singing at the same time
Term
Opera Seria
Definition
Opera in Italian derived mostly from ancient history, about ancient heroes
Term
Gesamtkunstwerk
Definition
The concept of a total artwork in which all the arts--music, poetry, drama, visual spectacle--are fused together
Term
Symphonic Poem
Definition
A piece of program music on a grandiose scale for orchestra in one movement which, through several contrasting sections, develops a poetic idea or suggests a scene or mood
Term
Lied
Definition
A German-texted song with piano accompaniment that sets a short lyric poem
Term
Leitmotifs
Definition
The principle themes in Wagner's operas, which recur throughout a work and carry specific meanings to represent characters, moods, symbols, or emotions
Term
Through-Composed
Definition
A song structure that is composed from beginning to end without repetition of whole sections
Term
Song Cycle
Definition
A group of Lieder unified by some narrative thread or a descriptive or expressive theme
Term
Rubato
Definition
The free treatment of meter in performance
Flexibility in rhythm
"Robbed Time"
Term
Chromaticism
Definition
Using all twelve notes of the scale liberally
Term
Thematic Transformation
Definition
The technique of having the same theme fragment reappear with some sort of variation at loosely recurring intervals
Term
Col Legno
Definition
The striking of the wood of a violin bow on the strings
Term
Bel Canto
Definition
A style of opera developed by early Italian Romantic composers
Term
Exoticism
Definition
The trend that inspired composers to write music evoking scenes or sounds of far off lands
Term
Concert Overture
Definition
An early 19th-century genre of program music resembling an opera overture-but without any following opera
Term
Idee Fixe
Definition
A fixed idea, an obsession; the term used by Berlioz for a recurring theme used in all the movements of one of his program symphonies
Term
Rondo
Definition
A musical form consisting of one main theme or tune alternating with other themes or sections (ABACA, ABACABA, etc.)
Term
Basso Continuo
Definition
The baseline that chords are built upon in Baroque music
Term
Da Capo
Definition
The standard form of the Baroque Italian opera aria, ABA
The composer would leave space for the performer to improvise and ornament with runs, cadenzas, or so on
Term
Exposition
Definition
A large, diverse section of music in a sonata-form movement in which the basic material of the movement is presented
Term
Development
Definition
The second section of a sonata-form movement that heightens the tonal-thematic tension set up by contrasting themes and keys of the exposition
Term
Recapitulation
Definition
In sonata-form, the repetition of the exposition elements but in the tonic key
Term
Coda
Definition
In sonata-form, the final wrapping-up of the main action
Term
Elements of Pitch
Definition
Absolute Pitch
Tone
Interval
Octave
Range
Indefinite Pitch
Term
Elements of Dynamics
Definition
Accent
Piano (soft) - Forte (loud)
pp - ff
Crescendo
Decrescendo
Term
Elements of Timbre
Definition
Instrumentation
Performing Media
Term
Elements of Duration
Definition
Tempo
Rhythm
Term
Elements of Melody
Definition
Range
Shape
Motion
Structure
Term
Elements of Harmony
Definition
Consonance/Dissonance
Chord
Arpeggio
Triad
Progression
Cadence
Term
Elements of Key
Definition
Tonic (tonality)
Scale
Sharps/Flats
Key Signature
Modulation
Non-Tonal
Modal
Term
Elements of Rhythm
Definition
Beat
Meter
Simple or Compund:
--Duple
--Triple
--Quadruple
Additive
Beat Divisions
Syncopation
Polyrhythm
Term
Elements of Texture
Definition
Thick/Thin
Monophonic
Homophonic
Polyphonic
-Counterpoint
-Imitation
-Round (canon)
Term
Elements of Form
Definition
Repetition, Contrast, Variation
Ternary
Binary
Da Capo
Term
Elements of Performing Media
Definition
Chordophones
Aerophones
Membranophones
Idiophones
Voice Ranges
Instruments
Term
Baroque Melody
Definition
More "instrumental-like"
Virtuosic
Extravagant
Ornamented
Less Stepwise
Disjunct often
Term
Classical Melody
Definition
Tuneful, pleasing, singable
Stepwise (linear)
Easily understood/Not too long
Featured Themes and Motives
Addition of some folk melodies
More contrasts
Term
Romantic Melody
Definition
Wider range of pitches/moods
Sweeping, lyrical, passionate
Structure often asymmetrical
Chromaticism
Thematic motives
Folk influences
Term
Modern Melody
Definition
Nationalistic melodies
Individual
Fragmented
New Scales
Eastern influences
Mathematical approaches
Term
Baroque Harmony
Definition
Functional
Based on bass line and built upwards
Use of harmonic sequences
Strong (V-I) cadences
Term
Classical Harmony
Definition
More freedom in harmony
Vocabulary and use of
More use of mode changes & modulations
Larger harmonic climaxes
Term
Romantic Harmony
Definition
Expanded vocabulary
More dissonance
Resolutions more profound
Delayed resolutions
New chords
Less stability of key center
Long phrases
Obscured cadences
Term
Modern Harmony
Definition
Neo-classic=stability
Otherwise-tonality questioned
Serialism
Atonal
Free use of sounds
Term
Baroque Rhythm
Definition
Very Metrical
Regular
Continuous
Systematic
Orderly
Term
Classical Rhythm
Definition
Highly differentiated
More contrast
Less regularity
More dramatic contrasts
Longer phrases
More syncopation
Rhythmic motives more common
Term
Romantic Rhythm
Definition
Wider range of pacing and motion
Preferences for extremes
Loosening of concept of regular pulse and tempo
Freedom/Rubato
Cross rhythms
Syncopation
Eastern influence
Term
Modern Rhythm
Definition
Additive and irregular meters
Cross rhythms
Polyrhythms
Ostinato
Eastern influence
Term
Baroque Texture
Definition
Imitation
Polyphony
Balance between vertical and horizontal dimensions of music
SATB texture predominant
Term
Classical Texture
Definition
Mostly homophonic with integration of some polyphony interspersed
More contrasts
Term
Romantic Texture
Definition
Essentially homophonic
Richer, fuller chords for enhanced accompaniment
Constantly changing textures
Some counterpoint
Term
Modern Texture
Definition
Serialism=renewal of contrapuntal fabric (alterations of the row)
Term
Baroque Timbre
Definition
Continuo-based
Presence of harpsichord or organ
Wider variety of instrumental combinations
Term
Classical Timbre
Definition
Classical Orchestra with pairs of winds, brass, timpani
Gradual decline of continuo
Greater contrast of full and light orchestral textures
GRADATION in dynamics
More idiomatic use of instruments
Term
Romantic Timbre
Definition
Expansion of orchestra
New instruments
Special effects (mutes, etc.)
Extended techniques
Experimentation with colors; combinations of instruments
More dynamics
Term
Modern Timbre
Definition
Extremes and Contrasts
Unusual ranges for instruments
Electronic
Computer
Term
Baroque Form
Definition
Ritornello
Dance Suite
Short sections
Strophic
Binary, ternary
Term
Classical Form
Definition
Sonata-Allegro
Minuet-Trio
Rondo
Theme and Variations
Fugues
Multi-Movement works
Term
Romantic Form
Definition
Program music
Expanded, grandiose, large-scale forms
Freedom
Breaking the rules
Term
Modern Form
Definition
Structure and freedom at odds
New frontiers explored
Term
Baroque Important Terms
Definition
Basso Continuo (B.C.)
Ostinato Bass (ground bass)
Concerto Grosso
Ritornello
Da Capo
Aria
Term
Classical Important Terms
Definition
Exposition, Development, Recapitulation
Coda
Cadenza
Scherzo
Term
Romantic Important Terms
Definition
Rubato
Chromaticism
Leitmotiv
Thematic transformation
Nationalism, Exoticism
Program Symphony
Tone Poem
Nocturne
Term
Modern Important Terms
Definition
Impressionism, Expressionism
Sprechstimme, Klangfarbenmelodie
Neo-classicism
Retrograde serial music; musique-concrete
Serial
Retrograde
Inversion
Minimalism, aleatoric, atonal
Term
Hocket
Definition
Alternation of very short melodic phrases (hiccup)
Term
Isorhythm
Definition
Technique of repeating the identical rhythm for each section of a composition, while the melody is altered
Term
Counterpoint
Definition
Contrapuntal style of composing
Term
Medieval Style Features
Definition
Monophonic
No rhythm/Non-metrical
Medieval (Church) modes
Recitation/Reciting Tone
Beginning of Notation
Syllabic/Neumatic/Melismatic
Chant: direct/Antiphonal/Responsorial
Term
Renaissance Style Features
Definition
Exploration of beautiful sounds, new emphasis on melody
Church=lesser influence
Homophony rises in importance
Careful blend of homophony and polyphony
Paraphrase: embellished chant, more melodious
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