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| Inclusion of folk songs, dances, legends, and other national material in a composition to associate it with the composer's homeland; characteristic of romantic music. |
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| Use of melodies, rhythms, or instruments that suggest foreign lands; common in romantic music |
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| Explanatory comments specifying the story, scene, or idea associated with program music |
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| use of chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scale but included in the chromatic scale |
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| Slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo to intensify the expression of the music |
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| Alteration of the character of a theme by means of changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm, when it returns in a later movement or section |
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| Concluding section; the section at the end of an art song that sums up the mood, played by the piano or orchestra without voice |
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| Vocal form in which the same music is repeated for each stanza of a poem |
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| Vocal form in where there is new music for each stanza of a poem. |
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| Form in which two or more stanzas or poetry are set to the same music while other stanzas have new music; found in art songs |
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| Instrumental music having No intended association with a story, poem, idea, or scene; non program music. |
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| Single melody used in several movements of a long work to represent a recurring idea. |
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| Short musical idea associated with a person, object, or thought, characteristic or the operas of Wagner. |
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| Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene, often found in the romantic period. |
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| Extended composition for instrumental soloist and orchestra, usually in three movements. |
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| Orchestral composition, usually in four movements, typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the orchestra. |
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| Drama that is sung to orchestral accompaniment, usually a large-scale composition employing vocal soloists, chorus, orchestra, costumes and scenery. |
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| Setting of a poem for solo voice and piano, translating the poem's mood and imagery into music, coming in the romantic period. |
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| Group of Art Songs unified by a story line that runs though their poems, or by musical ideas linking the songs. |
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| A term often used during the nineteenth century for short, lyrical pieces for piano. |
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| In French: night piece; a composition, usually slow, lyrical, and intimate in character, often for solo piano. |
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| In French: Study; A piece designed to help a performer master specific technical difficulties. |
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| Composition in triple meter with a stately character, often for piano solo; originally a Polish court dance. |
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| Symphonic Poem (Tone Poem) |
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| Programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form or an original, irregular form. |
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| Symphony related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title. |
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| Concert overture – single movement orchestral piece with program. This would be paired with Felix Mendelssohn |
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| Music intended to be performed before and during a play, setting the mood for the drama. |
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| Romance in E Flat Minor for Piano |
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Nocturne in E Flat Major
Etude in C Minor
Polonaise in A Flat Major |
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| Die Walkure (The Valkyrie) |
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Individuality of Style
Expressive Aims and Subjects
Nationalism and Exoticism
Program Music
Expressive Tone Color
Colorful Harmony
Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch and Tempo
Form: Miniature and Monumental |
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