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Musculoskeletal
All the terms
204
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
06/09/2015

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Term
ankyl/o
Definition
crooked or stiff
Term
brachi/o
Definition
arm
Term
cervic/o
Definition
neck
Term
chondr/o
Definition
cartilage (gristle)
Term
cost/o
Definition
rib
Term
crani/o
Definition
skull
Term
dactyl/o
Definition
digit (finger or toe)
Term
fasci/o
Definition
fascia (a band)
Term
femor/o
Definition
femur
Term
fibr/o
Definition
fiber
Term
arthr/o
Definition
joint
Term
articul/o
Definition
joint
Term
kyph/o
Definition
humped-back
Term
lei/o
Definition
smooth
Term
lord/o
Definition
bent
Term
lumb/o
Definition
loin (lower back)
Term
myel/o
Definition
bone marrow or spinal cord
Term
oste/o
Definition
bone
Term
patell/o
Definition
knee cap
Term
radi/o
Definition
radius
Term
my/o
Definition
muscle
Term
myos/o
Definition
muscle
Term
muscul/o
Definition
muscle
Term
pelv/i
Definition
hip bone or pelvic cavity
Term
pel/o
Definition
hip bone or pelvic cavity
Term
rhabd/o
Definition
rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
Term
sarc/o
Definition
flesh
Term
scoli/o
Definition
twisted
Term
stern/o
Definition
sternum (breastbone)
Term
thorac/o
Definition
chest
Term
ton/o
Definition
tone or tension
Term
uln/o
Definition
ulna
Term
spondyl/o
Definition
vertebra
Term
vertebr/o
Definition
vertebra
Term
ten/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
tend/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
tendin/o
Definition
tendon (to stretch)
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone
Term
bone
Definition
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells) forming the skeleton
Term
compact bone
Definition
tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending
Term
spongy (cancellous) bone
Definition
mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
Term
long bones
Definition
bones of arms and legs
Term
short bones
Definition
bones of wrist and ankles
Term
flat bones
Definition
bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
Term
irregular bones
Definition
bones of vertebrae and face
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
round bones found near joints (e.g. patella)
Term
epiphysis
Definition
wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth)
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft of a long bone
Term
metaphysis
Definition
growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
Term
endosteum
Definition
membrane lining the medullary cavity of bones
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
Term
bone marrow
Definition
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
Term
red bone marrow
Definition
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue; and is inactive in formation of blood cells
Term
periosteum
Definition
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
a gristlelike substance on bones where they articulate
Term
articulation
Definition
a joint; the point where two bones come together
Term
bursa
Definition
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
Term
disk (disc)
Definition
a flat, platelike structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition
soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disc
Term
ligament
Definition
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
Term
muscle
Definition
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
Term
striated (skeletal) muscle
Definition
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
muscle of the heart
Term
origin of a muscle
Definition
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
Term
insertion of a muscle
Definition
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
Term
tendon
Definition
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
Term
fascia
Definition
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
Term
anatomical position
Definition
the position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, positions, or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose before applying any other term of reference
Term
body planes
Definition
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
Term
coronal or frontal plane
Definition
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
Term
transverse plane
Definition
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Term
anterior (A) (ventral)
Definition
front of the body
Term
posterior (P) (dorsal)
Definition
back of the body
Term
anterior-posterior (AP)
Definition
from front to back; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam
Term
posterior-anterior (PA)
Definition
from back to front; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam
Term
superior (cephalic)
Definition
situated above another structure; toward the head
Term
inferior (caudal)
Definition
situated below another structure; away from the head
Term
proximal
Definition
toward the beginning or origin of a structure; e.g. the proximal aspect of the femur is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip
Term
distal
Definition
away from the beginning or origin of a structure; e.g. the distal aspect of the femur is the area at the end of the bone near the knee
Term
medial
Definition
toward the middle
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side
Term
axis
Definition
line that runs through the center of the body or body part
Term
erect
Definition
normal standing position
Term
decubitus
Definition
lying down, especially in a bed, i.e. lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down)
Term
prone
Definition
lying face down and flat
Term
recumbent
Definition
lying down
Term
supine
Definition
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back (“on the spine”)
Term
flexion
Definition
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
Term
extension
Definition
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
Term
abduction
Definition
movement away from the body
Term
adduction
Definition
movement toward the body
Term
rotation
Definition
circular movement around an axis
Term
eversion
Definition
turning outward, i.e. a foot
Term
inversion
Definition
turning inward, i.e. a foot
Term
supination
Definition
turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
Term
pronation
Definition
turning downward or backward of the palmar surface or plantar surface
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
bending of the foot or the toes upward
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Term
range of motion (ROM)
Definition
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct; measured in degrees
Term
goniometer
Definition
instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio = angle)
Term
arthralgia
Definition
joint pain
Term
atrophy
Definition
shrinking of muscle size
Term
exostosis
Definition
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
Term
flaccid
Definition
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increase in the size of a muscle
Term
hypotonia
Definition
reduced muscle tension
Term
crepitation
Definition
grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
Term
crepitus
Definition
grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones
Term
rigor or rigidity
Definition
stiffness; stiff muscle
Term
spasm
Definition
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
Term
spastic
Definition
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)
Term
tetany
Definition
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
Term
tremor
Definition
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
Term
ankylosis
Definition
stiff joint condition
Term
arthritis
Definition
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation in motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis
Term
rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
most crippling form of arthritis, characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet), causing ankylosis and deformity
Term
gouty arthritis
Definition
acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
Term
bunion
Definition
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of the bursa
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
most common form of arthritis especially affecting weight-bearing joints (e.g. knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
Term
degenerative arthritis
Definition
most common form of arthritis especially affecting weight-bearing joints (e.g. knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
Term
degenerative joint disease (DJD)
Definition
most common form of arthritis especially affecting weight-bearing joints (e.g. knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
Term
bony necrosis
Definition
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture)
Term
sequestrum
Definition
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture)
Term
myalgia
Definition
muscle pain
Term
myodynia
Definition
muscle pain
Term
ostealgia
Definition
bone pain
Term
osteodynia
Definition
bone pain
Term
chondromalacia
Definition
softening of cartilage
Term
epiphysitis
Definition
inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
Term
fracture (Fx)
Definition
broken or cracked bone
Term
closed fracture
Definition
broken bone with no open wound
Term
open fracture
Definition
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
Term
simple fracture
Definition
a nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g. hairline Fx, stress Fx, or a crack)
Term
complex fracture
Definition
a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
Term
fracture line
Definition
the line of the break in a broken bone (e.g. oblique, spiral, or transverse)
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
broken in many little pieces
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
bending and incomplete break of a bone – most often seen in children
Term
herniated disk or disc
Definition
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
Term
myeloma
Definition
bone marrow tumor
Term
myositis
Definition
inflammation of the muscle
Term
myoma
Definition
muscle tumor
Term
leiomyoma
Definition
smooth muscle tumor
Term
leiomyosarcoma
Definition
malignant smooth muscle tumor
Term
rhabdomyoma
Definition
skeletal muscle tumor
Term
rhabdomyosarcoma
Definition
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (Duchenne’s type is most common)
Term
osteoma
Definition
bone tumor
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
type of malignant bone tumor
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
Term
rickets
Definition
osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity)
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to more easily fracture (porosis = passage)
Term
kyphosis
Definition
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
Term
lordosis
Definition
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
Term
scoliosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature (S-shaped curve)
Term
spondylolisthesis
Definition
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping)
Term
spondylosis
Definition
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae
Term
sprain
Definition
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
Term
subluxation
Definition
a partial dislocation (luxation = dislocation)
Term
tendinitis
Definition
inflammation of a tendon
Term
tendonitis
Definition
inflammation of a tendon
Term
electromyogram (EMG)
Definition
a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (e.g. muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; used in detecting joint, tendon, and vertebral disc disorders
Term
bone scan
Definition
a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc.
Term
radiography
Definition
an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation) to diagnose condition or impairment somewhere in the body (e.g. extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joint)
Term
arthrogram
Definition
a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
Term
sonography
Definition
use of high frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to make an image of tissues or structures (e.g. muscles, ligaments, displacements or dislocations, and arthroscopic visualizations
Term
nuclear medicine imaging
Definition
a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining the size, shape, location, and function of various body parts
Term
radionuclide organ imaging
Definition
a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining the size, shape, location, and function of various body parts
Term
computed tomography (CT)
Definition
a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image
Term
computed axial tomography (CAT)
Definition
a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image
Term
amputation
Definition
partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above-knee amputation; BKA, below-knee amputation
Term
arthrocentesis
Definition
puncture for aspiration of a joint
Term
arthrodesis
Definition
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
Term
arthroplasty
Definition
repair or reconstruction of a joint
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
Term
bone grafting
Definition
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
Term
bursectomy
Definition
excision of a bursa
Term
myoplasty
Definition
repair of muscle
Term
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
Definition
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
Term
osteotomy
Definition
an incision into bone
Term
osteoplasty
Definition
repair of bone
Term
spondylosyndesis
Definition
spinal fusion
Term
tenotomy
Definition
division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
Term
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
Definition
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
Term
casting
Definition
use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
Term
splinting
Definition
use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part
Term
traction (Tx)
Definition
application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing
Term
closed reduction percutaneous fixation of a fracture
Definition
external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position – often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
Term
orthosis
Definition
use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone’s position or to provide limb support (e.g. back, knee, or wrist brace)
Term
physical therapy (PT)
Definition
treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods) such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
Term
prosthesis
Definition
an artificial replacement for a missing body part, or a device used to improve body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
Term
analgesic
Definition
a drug that relieves pain
Term
narcotic
Definition
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
Term
anti-inflammatory
Definition
a drug that reduces inflammation
Term
antipyretic
Definition
a drug that relieves fever
Term
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Definition
a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (e.g. ibuprofen, aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis
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