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| bone marrow or spinal cord |
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| hip bone or pelvic cavity |
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| hip bone or pelvic cavity |
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| rod shaped or striated (skeletal) |
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| bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities |
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| bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone |
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| specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells) forming the skeleton |
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| tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending |
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| mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run |
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| bones of wrist and ankles |
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| bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull |
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| bones of vertebrae and face |
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| round bones found near joints (e.g. patella) |
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| wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth) |
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| growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone |
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| membrane lining the medullary cavity of bones |
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| cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow |
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| soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
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| functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults |
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| gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue; and is inactive in formation of blood cells |
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| a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
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| a gristlelike substance on bones where they articulate |
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| a joint; the point where two bones come together |
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| a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones, lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
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| a flat, platelike structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction |
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| soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disc |
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| a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
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| membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
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| joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
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| tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
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| striated (skeletal) muscle |
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| voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton |
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| involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
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| muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
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| muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
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| a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
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| a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
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| the position of the body to which health professionals refer when noting body planes, positions, or directions; the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose before applying any other term of reference |
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| reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
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| vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
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| vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
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| horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
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| from front to back; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam |
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| from back to front; such as in the direction of an x-ray beam |
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| situated above another structure; toward the head |
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| situated below another structure; away from the head |
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| toward the beginning or origin of a structure; e.g. the proximal aspect of the femur is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip |
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| away from the beginning or origin of a structure; e.g. the distal aspect of the femur is the area at the end of the bone near the knee |
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| line that runs through the center of the body or body part |
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| lying down, especially in a bed, i.e. lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down) |
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| horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back (“on the spine”) |
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| bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
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| straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
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| movement away from the body |
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| circular movement around an axis |
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| turning outward, i.e. a foot |
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| turning inward, i.e. a foot |
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| turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) |
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| turning downward or backward of the palmar surface or plantar surface |
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| bending of the foot or the toes upward |
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| bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
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| total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements, i.e. ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct; measured in degrees |
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| instrument used to measure joint angles (gonio = angle) |
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| a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
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| flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
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| increase in the size of a muscle |
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| grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones |
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| grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bones |
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| drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
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| uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
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| tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
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| shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
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| inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation in motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
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| most crippling form of arthritis, characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet), causing ankylosis and deformity |
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| acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
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| swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
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| inflammation of the bursa |
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| most common form of arthritis especially affecting weight-bearing joints (e.g. knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
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| most common form of arthritis especially affecting weight-bearing joints (e.g. knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
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| degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
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| most common form of arthritis especially affecting weight-bearing joints (e.g. knee or hip) characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
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| bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture) |
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| bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply (e.g. after a fracture) |
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| inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
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| broken bone with no open wound |
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| compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound |
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| a nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g. hairline Fx, stress Fx, or a crack) |
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| a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
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| the line of the break in a broken bone (e.g. oblique, spiral, or transverse) |
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| broken in many little pieces |
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| bending and incomplete break of a bone – most often seen in children |
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| protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
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| inflammation of the muscle |
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| malignant smooth muscle tumor |
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| malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
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| a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles (Duchenne’s type is most common) |
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| type of malignant bone tumor |
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| disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
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| osteomalacia in children (causes bone deformity) |
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| infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation |
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| condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to more easily fracture (porosis = passage) |
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| abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition) |
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| abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine |
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| abnormal lateral curvature (S-shaped curve) |
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| forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra (listhesis = slipping) |
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| stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae |
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| injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
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| a partial dislocation (luxation = dislocation) |
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| a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (e.g. muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; used in detecting joint, tendon, and vertebral disc disorders |
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| a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc. |
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| an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation) to diagnose condition or impairment somewhere in the body (e.g. extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joint) |
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| a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium |
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| use of high frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to make an image of tissues or structures (e.g. muscles, ligaments, displacements or dislocations, and arthroscopic visualizations |
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| a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining the size, shape, location, and function of various body parts |
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| radionuclide organ imaging |
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| a diagnostic imaging technique using injected or ingested radioactive isotopes and a gamma-camera for determining the size, shape, location, and function of various body parts |
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| a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image |
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| computed axial tomography (CAT) |
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| a radiologic procedure using a machine called a scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation; a computer then calculates the rates of absorption and density of the radiographs to create the image |
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| partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above-knee amputation; BKA, below-knee amputation |
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| puncture for aspiration of a joint |
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| binding or fusing of joint surfaces |
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| repair or reconstruction of a joint |
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| procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within |
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| transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect |
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| open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) |
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| internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins |
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| division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
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| closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture |
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| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing |
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| use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing |
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| use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part |
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| application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing |
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| closed reduction percutaneous fixation of a fracture |
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| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position – often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing |
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| use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone’s position or to provide limb support (e.g. back, knee, or wrist brace) |
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| treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods) such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound |
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| an artificial replacement for a missing body part, or a device used to improve body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint |
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| a drug that relieves pain |
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| a potent analgesic with addictive properties |
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| a drug that reduces inflammation |
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| a drug that relieves fever |
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) |
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| a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (e.g. ibuprofen, aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis |
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