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| Absence of, without Example: Atrophy- wasting away or reduction in muscle size due to lack of use, often resulting from prolonged immobility, nerve damage or muscle disease |
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Away from Example: abduction-movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as raising the arm or leg to the side, is common in physical therapy and exercise routines
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| Toward Example: Adduction- movement of the limb towards the midline of the body, such as bringing the arm or leg back to its resting position after abduction |
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| Slow Example: Bradykinesia- slowness of movement, often a symptom of neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease, affecting motor function and coordination |
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| Painful, difficult, abnormal, labored Example: Dystonia – A condition characterized by abnormal muscle tone or involuntary muscle contractions, which can lead to repetitive movements, abnormal postures, and impaired function. |
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Above, excessive Example: Hypertonia – Excessive muscle tone, resulting in stiffness or rigidity, commonly seen in conditions like cerebral palsy or stroke.
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| Between Example: Intervertebral disc – A fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and flexibility. |
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| Within, in Example: Intramuscular injection – An injection administered directly into a muscle, commonly used for vaccines or medication delivery. |
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| Many, much Example: Polydactyly – A congenital condition characterized by having more than the normal number of fingers or toes, which may require surgical correction for functional or cosmetic reasons. |
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| Below, under Example: Subscapularis muscle – A muscle located below the scapula (shoulder blade), playing a key role in shoulder rotation and stabilization. |
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| Below, under Example: Subscapularis muscle – A muscle located below the scapula (shoulder blade), playing a key role in shoulder rotation and stabilization. |
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| Together, joined Example: Symphysis pubis – A cartilaginous joint where the two pubic bones meet in the pelvis, allowing slight movement for childbirth and pelvic flexibility. |
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Together, joined Example: Synarthrosis – A type of immovable joint where bones are joined together, such as in the skull, providing stability and protection to vital organs.
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| pertaining to Example: Femoral pertaining to the femur, the largest bone in the body, located in the thigh |
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pain Example: Myalgia - pain in a muscle, often caused by overuse, injury, or systemic condition like fibromyalgia
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pertaining to Example: patellar- pertaining to the kneecap (patella), a small bone in the knee joint, and assists in movement
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| weakness Examples: Myasthenia- muscle weakness, commonly associated with conditions like myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular function |
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| surgical procedure to aspirate fluid. Example: Arthrocentesis- surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, often used to relieve swelling or analyze joint conditions |
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| Break Example: Osteoclasia- surgical breaking of bone tissue to correct deformities or aid in the healing process in severe cases |
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| break Example: osteoclast- A specialized bone cell that breaks down bone tissue during bone remodeling and repair |
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| surgical fixation, fusion. Example: Arthrodesis - surgical fusion of a joint to provide stability and reduce pain, often used for severe arthritis |
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| Excision, surgical removal, cutting out Example: Tenectomy- surgical removal of part of a tendon, often performed to treat chronic tendon inflammation or injury |
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| The record, radiographic image. Example: myogram- A record of muscle contraction activity, often used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders |
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| process of recording, radiographic imaging Example: Arthrography- imaging of a joint using contrast dye assess joint structure such as cartilage, ligaments, and bones |
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| pertaining to Example: Thoracic - pertaining to the thorax (chest), which houses the lungs, heart, and other vital structures |
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| Inflammation Example: Myositis, inflammation of the muscle tissue, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders or trauma |
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| Loosening, separating, and dissolution of the bone tissue, often seen in conditions like bone metastasis or infection |
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| softening Example: chondromalacia- softening of the cartilage, particularly in the knee, leading to pain and difficulty with movement |
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| resembling Example: myeloid - resembling bone marrow, often used to describe cells or tissues related to hematopoiesis |
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| Tumor Example: Rhabdomyoma, a benign tumor of muscle tissue, typically found in the heart or skeletal muscles |
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| Abnormal condition Example: Scoliosis - Abnormal curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, reduced mobility, and postural issues |
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| Abnormal reduction Example: Sarcopenia- loss of muscle mass and strength, often associated with aging, inactivity, or poor nutrition |
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| Growth Example: Epiphysis - The growth end of a long bone, critical during childhood and adolescence for bone elongation |
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| surgical repair Example: myoplasty- surgical repair or reconstruction of damaged or weakened muscle tissue |
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| suturing, repair Example: Tenorrhaphy- suturing of torn or severed tendon to restore function and stability |
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| malignant tumor Example: osteosarcoma - A malignant bone tumor commonly affecting children and young adults, requiring surgical and medical treatment |
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| process of viewing, visual examination. Example: Arthroscopy- visual examination of a joint using a specialized instrument to diagnose and treat joint conditions |
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| incision, cut into . Example: Myotomy - surgical incision into a muscle, often performed to relieve tightness or treat muscle disorders |
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| nourishment, development Example: Hypertrophy - excessive development of tissue or an organ, commonly referred to as increased muscle size due to exercise or compensatory growth |
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| electricity; electrical activity |
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| increased convexity of the spine |
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| lamina (thin flat plate or layer) |
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| smooth(visceral) muscle that lines the walls of the internal organs |
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| bent forward, increased concavity of the spine |
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| loin, lumbar region of the spine |
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| bones of the fingers and toes |
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| vertebral spine, vertebral column |
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| vertebra, spine vertebral column |
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| vertebra, spine, vertebral column |
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| BDT- bone density testing |
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| A diagnostic test used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and determine the strength of bones. It is commonly used to diagnose conditions like osteoporosis and assess fracture risk. Techniques include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). |
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| CTS- carpel tunnel syndrome |
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| A condition caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Symptoms include pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and fingers, often associated with repetitive motions like typing or assembly work. |
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| A diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of muscles in response to nerve stimulation. EMG is used to evaluate muscle weakness, nerve dysfunction, or neuromuscular disorders. |
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| A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. Types of muscular dystrophy include Duchenne muscular dystrophy (most common) and Becker muscular dystrophy, among others. |
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| A chronic autoimmune disorder that disrupts communication between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness. Symptoms often include drooping eyelids (ptosis), difficulty swallowing, and fatigue with activity. |
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| A degenerative joint disease caused by the breakdown of cartilage within joints. Common symptoms include joint pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. OA primarily affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine. |
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| A condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, making bones weak, brittle, and more prone to fractures. It often affects older adults, especially postmenopausal women, due to reduced levels of estrogen. |
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| A therapeutic approach focused on enabling individuals to perform meaningful daily activities and tasks despite injury, illness, or disability. OT helps patients regain independence in activities of daily living and adapt to physical or cognitive limitations. |
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| PKR- partial knee replacement |
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Definition
| A surgical procedure in which only the damaged part of the knee joint is replaced with a prosthesis. PKR is an alternative to total knee replacement for patients with localized arthritis in one compartment of the knee. |
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| PMR- polymyalgia rheumatica |
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| An inflammatory disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness, particularly in the shoulders, neck, and hips. PMR is more common in older adults and is often associated with systemic inflammation, such as in giant cell arteritis. |
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| A chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and deformities. Unlike osteoarthritis, RA often affects smaller joints and can involve systemic symptoms like fatigue and fever |
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| The extent of movement a joint or muscle can achieve in various directions. It is often assessed in physical therapy, injury evaluation, or post-surgery rehabilitation to determine joint health or progress of recovery |
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| RSD- repetitive stress disorder |
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| Definition: A condition caused by repetitive motion or overuse of muscles, tendons, or nerves, leading to pain, inflammation, or injury. Common examples include tennis elbow and carpal tunnel syndrome. |
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| THR- total hip replacement |
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Definition
| A surgical procedure in which the damaged hip joint is replaced with an artificial prosthesis. THR is often performed for severe arthritis or hip fractures, restoring function and relieving pain. |
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| TKP- total knee replacement |
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Definition
| A surgical procedure in which the entire knee joint is replaced with a prosthesis. TKR is used to treat severe arthritis or joint damage that significantly impacts mobility and quality of life. |
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| The tendon that connects the calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) to the heel bone (calcaneus). It plays a critical role in walking, running, and jumping. Frequently injured in sports, leading to conditions such as Achilles tendinitis or ruptures. |
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| A chronic bone disorder causing abnormal bone remodeling, leading to weakened, enlarged, and deformed bones. It commonly affects the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent fractures and manage symptoms. |
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| A fluid-filled sac located behind the knee, often resulting from joint inflammation or conditions like arthritis. A Baker’s cyst is common in patients with osteoarthritis or knee injuries. It can cause swelling, discomfort, and limited knee movement. |
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| A condition caused by injury to the brachial plexus, often during birth or trauma. It leads to weakness or paralysis in the shoulder and elbow muscles. Early diagnosis and intervention through physical therapy are essential for improving outcomes in affected individuals. |
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