Term
The __________ is the outer layer of skin that serves as a water-proof protective barrier.
It consists of several sublayers; the deepest is the __________ __________ and the most superficial is the __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Epidermis
2) Stratum basale
3) Stratum corneum |
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Term
| Which layer produced melanin? |
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Definition
| 1) Pigment cells in the stratum basale and in the dermis. |
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Term
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Definition
1) An elaborately coiled protein secreted by the epidermal cells which give the skin considerable mechanical strength and flexibility.
It is also insoluble and serves as a diffusion barrier for the body surface. |
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Term
| In which tissue layer do you find blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is your skin protected against harmful UV rays? |
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Definition
1) Exposure to harmful ultraviolet UV rays causes the epidermis to thicken and stimulate pigment cells in the skin to produce melanin at an increased rate.
Melanin is an important protective screen against the sun because it absorbs some of the harmful UV rays.
In increase in melanin will cause the skin to darken. |
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Term
| What are some of the important functions of the skeletal system? |
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Definition
| 1) The skeletal system provides the framework of the body, functions in locomotion, and transmits and transforms mechanical forces generated by muscle contraction into the variety of motions that animals make. |
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Term
| A _________ _________ is when fluid in a closed compartment of the body is held under pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cnidarians exhibit a _________ _________ skeletal system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Annelids exhibit a _________ _________ skeletal system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mollusks exhibit a _________ _________ or _________ skeletal system. |
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Definition
1) Hydrostatic skeleton
2) Skeleton |
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Term
| Echinoderms exhibit a _________ _________ or _________ skeletal system. |
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Definition
1) Hydrostatic skeleton
2) Endoskeleton |
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Term
| The _________ is a nonliving deposit secreted by, and lying external to, the epidermis; the muscle attached inside. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is a skeletal system which provides support, protection, and prevent dessication. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is not always ideal as a skeletal system because it needs molting (or _________) periodically and may result in exposure to predators, has a higher energy requirement, and adds to the overall weight of the organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mollusks exhibit an exoskeleton composed of _________ _________ while arthropods exhibit one composed of _________. |
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Definition
1) Calcium carbonate
2) Chitin |
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Term
| An _________ is a living internal skeleton consisting of calcium impregnated tissues (cartilage or bone) |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is a skeletal system which consists of supporting elements embedded in the soft tissue of an organism. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ can grow with an organism, eliminating the need for _________; protects internal organs; and allows movement through _________. |
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Definition
1) Endoskeleton
2) Molting
3) Joints |
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Term
Answer the following using these choices:
a. Endoskeleton
b. Exoskeleton
c. Hydrostatic skeleton
1. _________ human penis is an example.
2. _________ nonliving (lifeless shell) skeleton.
3. _________ living tissue.
4. _________ requires molting.
5. _________ found in hydra.
6. _________ found in Echinoderms.
7. _________ found in Arthropods. |
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Definition
1) c. Hydrostatic skeleton
2) b. Exoskeleton
3) a. Endoskeleton
4) b. Exoskeleton
5) c. Hydrostatic skeleton
6) c. Hydrostatic skeleton OR a. Endoskeleton
7) b. Exoskeleton |
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Term
| The _________ skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ skeleton consists of the arms, legs, shoulders, pelvis |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is a connective tissue to which muscle tendons and ligaments attach, which is responsible for bone's diameter. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is responsible for bone's diameter. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is the main shaft in bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is the expanded end of the diaphysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is the disc of cartilage (in children) of growth centers that disappear in maturity. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ is the central cavity of bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ is composed of fatty connective tissue in bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ produces RBCs in certain bones. |
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Definition
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Term
_________ _________ is the outer shell of bone and is dense and hard.
Also includes osteons. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are bone building cells while _________ are bone breaking cells. |
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Definition
1) Osteoclasts
2) Osteoblasts |
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Term
| _________ are small cavities housing bone cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ are lacunae arranged in concentric circles which allow blood vessels to pass through them. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is the interior part of bone that provides mechanical strength and its spaces are filled with bone morrow. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a cartilage and bone? |
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Definition
1) Cartilage is a flexible skeletal (connective) tissue found in vertebrates; bone is the principal skeletal (connective) tissue also found in vertebrates.
The key difference between the two is that cartilage is much more flexible and not nearly as strong as bone. |
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Term
| _________ are junctions between bones that are classified according to the degree of movement they allow. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ joints are found between the bones of the skull and are called _________ because they are composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ joints are found between vertebrae, are made of cartilage, and help absorb shock. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ joints are the most flexible; each is enclosed by a joint capsule composed of connective tissue and lined with a membrane that secretes a lubricant called _________ _________, which reduces friction during movement and absorbs shock. |
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Definition
1) Freely movable
2) Synovial fluid |
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Term
| _________ are bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones and limit movement at the joint. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is padding on both bones at the joint. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ connect muscle to bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles can only _________ (only pull) |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are muscles that work together by pulling in the same direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are two muscle that perform a similar function in opposite directions. |
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Definition
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Term
| A muscle is made up of elongated cells called _________ _________ which are organized into bundles called _________. |
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Definition
1) Muscle fibers
2) Fascicles |
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Term
| Each muscle fiber is a multinucleate bundle of threadlike _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Myofibrils are composed of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order for action potentials traveling in muscles? |
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Definition
| 1) Sarcolemma -> Transverse tubules -> Sarcoplasm -> Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| The fascicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ filaments are thick filaments while __________ filaments are thin filaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Myosin filaments have two sites of attachment, one for __________ and the other for __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each myosin end expands to form a __________ __________ which will be the site where myosin binds to __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________-__________ catalyzes the splitting of ATP into ADP+Pi |
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Definition
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Term
| Two actin strands coiled around each other have active sites for __________ binding. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is a protein strand coiled around the actin coil which blocks the __________ binding sites on actin. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is a group of proteins attached to tropomyosin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Myofilaments are arranged into repeating structures called __________ which are the basic contractile units. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ are the ends of sarcomeres. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is the entire region containing myosin fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is the region of myosin but no actin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ is the area of actin but no myosin |
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Definition
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Term
| Hundreds of sarcomeres end-to-end make up a __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the composition of a muscle, from the most basic component to the most sophisticated? |
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Definition
| 1) Myofilaments -> Sarcomere -> Myofibrils -> Muscle fiber -> Fascicles -> Muscles |
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Term
| The __________ is the basic unit of muscle contraction, it always shortens. |
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Definition
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Term
| During muscle contraction, actin and myosin filaments (do/do not) shorten, they slide past each other and their zone of overlap (increase/decreases) |
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Definition
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Term
During muscle contraction, which happens to the following areas?
1. Z lines
2. A band
3. H zone
4. I band |
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Definition
1) Gets closer together
2) No change
3) Shorter
4) Shorter |
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Term
Control of Contraction
-Action potential reaches neuromuscular junction.
-Neuron releases the neurotransmitter __________ into the cleft.
-Ach binds with receptors on the muscle fiber.
-__________ depolarizes.
-__________ __________ depolarize.
-Transverse tubules release __________ __________.
-Release of Ca2+ from the __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Acetylcholine
2) Sarcolemma
3) Transverse tubules
4) Inositol triphosphate
5) Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
Relaxation
-ACh inactivated by __________.
-Calcium pumped back into the __________ __________ by active transport.
-__________ drops Ca2+.
-__________ covers myosin binding site.
-Filaments slide back to starting point. |
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Definition
1) AChE
2) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
3) Troponin
4) Tropomyosin |
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Term
| In muscle contraction, ATP is required for what three components? |
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Definition
1) The power stroke (energizes myosin head).
2) The release of myosin from actin
3) The pumping of Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) A temporary muscular rigidity which appears after death due to ATP depletion following the end of cellular respiration. |
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Term
The strength of a muscle contraction depends on:
-The number of __________ __________ contracting.
-__________ developed by each fiber. |
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Definition
1) Muscle fibers
2) Tension |
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Term
| All skeletal muscle fibers are stimulated by a single __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a slow contraction speed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a fast contraction speed? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-oxidative fibers and fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a slow rate of fatigue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have an intermediate rate of fatigue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a fast rate of fatigue? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers use aerobic respiration as a major pathway for ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
| 1) Slow-oxidative fibers and fast-oxidative fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers use glycolysis as a major pathway for ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have many mitochondria? |
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Definition
| 1) Slow-oxidative fibers and fast-oxidative fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have few mitochondria? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a low intensity of contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have an intermediate intensity of contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a high intensity of contraction? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a high myoglobin content? |
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Definition
| 1) Slow-oxidative fibers and fast-oxidative fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers have a low myoglobin content? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are red? |
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Definition
| 1) Slow-oxidative fibers and fast-oxidative fibers |
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Term
| Which skeletal muscle fibers are white? |
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Definition
| 1) Fast-glycolytic fibers |
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Term
Which contains all the others?
a. Myofibril
b. Sarcomere
c. Fascicle
d. Myofilament |
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Definition
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Term
The basic unit of muscle contraction is:
a. Sarcolemma
b. Sarcoplasm
c. Actin only
d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
e. Sarcomeres |
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Definition
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Term
Chitin is part of the skeleton of:
a. Arthropods
b. Chordates
c. Echinoderms
d. Mollusks
e. 3rd and 4th choices only |
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Definition
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Term
During muscle contraction the H zone __________ while the A band __________.
a. Narrows, stays the same
b. Narrows, narrows
c. Widens, narrows
d. Stays the same, stays the same
e. Stays the same, widens |
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Definition
| 1) a. Narrows, stays the same |
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Term
During muscle contraction, myosin attaches to __________ and Ca2+ binds to __________.
a. Actin, tropomyosin
b. Actin troponin
c. Tropomyosin, troponin
d. Troponin, actin |
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Definition
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