•                           Away from

  Example: Abduction – Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as raising the arm or leg to the side, common in physical therapy and exercise routines.

Toward

Example: Adduction – Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body, such as bringing the arm or leg back to its resting position after abduction.

 Slow

Example: Bradykinesia – Slowness of movement, often a symptom of neurological disorders like Parkinson’s disease, affecting motor function and coordination.

 Painful, difficult, abnormal, labored

Example: Dystonia – A condition characterized by abnormal muscle tone or involuntary muscle contractions, which can lead to repetitive movements, abnormal postures, and impaired function.

Above, excessive

Example: Hypertonia – Excessive muscle tone, resulting in stiffness or rigidity, commonly seen in conditions like cerebral palsy or stroke.

Between

Example: Intervertebral disc – A fibrocartilaginous structure located between the vertebrae of the spine, providing cushioning and flexibility.

Within, in

Example: Intramuscular injection – An injection administered directly into a muscle, commonly used for vaccines or medication delivery.

Many, much

Example: Polydactyly – A congenital condition characterized by having more than the normal number of fingers or toes, which may require surgical correction for functional or cosmetic reasons.

Below, under

Example: Subscapularis muscle – A muscle located below the scapula (shoulder blade), playing a key role in shoulder rotation and stabilization.

Above

Example: Suprapatellar – Refers to the area above the patella (kneecap), commonly associated with the suprapatellar bursa, which reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the quadriceps tendon over the femur.

Together, joined

Example: Symphysis pubis – A cartilaginous joint where the two pubic bones meet in the pelvis, allowing slight movement for childbirth and pelvic flexibility.

 Together, joined

Example: Synarthrosis – A type of immovable joint where bones are joined together, such as in the skull, providing stability and protection to vital organs.

Pertaining to

Example: Femoral – Pertaining to the femur, the largest bone in the body, located in the thigh.

Pain Example:

Myalgia – Pain in a muscle, often caused by overuse, injury, or systemic conditions like fibromyalgia.

Pertaining to

Example: Patellar – Pertaining to the kneecap (patella), a small bone that protects the knee joint and assists in movement.

 Weakness

Example: Myasthenia – Muscle weakness, commonly associated with conditions like myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular function.

•               Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

  Example: Arthrocentesis – Surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, often used to relieve swelling or analyze joint conditions.

Break

Example:Osteoclasia – Surgical breaking of bone tissue to correct deformities or aid in the healing process in severe cases.

Break

Example: Osteoclast – A specialized bone cell that breaks down bone tissue during bone remodeling and repair.

Surgical fixation, fusion

Example: Arthrodesis – Surgical fusion of a joint to provide stability and reduce pain, often used for severe arthritis.

Excision, surgical removal, cutting out

Example: Tenectomy – Surgical removal of part of a tendon, often performed to treat chronic tendon inflammation or injury.

The record, radiographic image

Example: Myogram – A record of muscle contraction activity, often used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders.

Process of recording, radiographic imaging

Example: Arthrography – Imaging of a joint using contrast dye to assess joint structures such as cartilage, ligaments, and bones.

 Pertaining to

Example: Thoracic – Pertaining to the thorax (chest), which houses the lungs, heart, and other vital structures.

Inflammation

Example: Myositis – Inflammation of muscle tissue, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or trauma.

Loosening, separating, dissolution

Example: Osteolysis – Destruction or dissolution of bone tissue, often seen in conditions like bone metastasis or infection.

Softening

Example: Chondromalacia – Softening of cartilage, particularly in the knee, leading to pain and difficulty with movement.

•                               Resembling

• Example: Myeloid – Resembling bone marrow, often used to describe cells or tissues related to hematopoiesis.

•                                    Tumor

  Example: Rhabdomyoma – A benign tumor of muscle tissue, typically found in the heart or skeletal muscles.

Abnormal condition

Example: Scoliosis – Abnormal curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, reduced mobility, and postural issues.

Abnormal reduction

Example: Sarcopenia – Loss of muscle mass and strength, often associated with aging, inactivity, or poor nutrition.

 Growth

Example:Epiphysis – The growth end of a long bone, critical during childhood and adolescence for bone elongation.

Surgical repair

Example: Myoplasty – Surgical repair or reconstruction of damaged or weakened muscle tissue.

Suturing, repairing

Example: Tenorrhaphy – Suturing of a torn or severed tendon to restore function and stability.

Malignant tumor

Example: Osteosarcoma – A malignant bone tumor commonly affecting children and young adults, requiring surgical and medical treatment.

Process of viewing, visual examination

Example: Arthroscopy – Visual examination of a joint using a specialized instrument to diagnose and treat joint conditions.

•                             Incision, cut into

  Example: Myotomy – Surgical incision into a muscle, often performed to relieve tightness or treat muscle disorders.

•  

                       Nourishment, development

  Example: Hypertrophy – Excessive development of tissue or an organ, commonly referring to increased muscle size due to exercise or compensatory growth.

•                                   Stiff, bent

  Example: Ankylosis - Abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones, often caused by injury or disease.

Joint

Example: Arthritis – Inflammation of a joint, often resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can be caused by aging, autoimmune disorders, or injury.

Carpals, wrist

Example: Carpectomy - Surgical removal of a carpal bone, typically performed to relieve pain or improve wrist function.

•                                Cartilage

  Example: Chondromalacia - Softening of cartilage, commonly affecting the knee and leading to pain and swelling during movement.

•                       Clavicle, collarbone

   Example: Clavicectomy - Excision of the clavicle, usually performed to treat severe fractures or chronic pain.

Ribs

Example: Costochondritis – Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum, causing localized chest pain that can mimic heart-related conditions.

Cranium

Example: Craniotomy - Surgical incision into the cranium to access the brain for procedures such as tumor removal or trauma management.

Electricity; electrical activity

Example: Electromyography - A diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of muscles to detect neuromuscular disorders.

Fascia

Example: Fasciotomy - A surgical incision into fascia to relieve tension or pressure, often used to treat compartment syndrome.

Fibrous connective tissue

Example: Fibromyalgia - A condition characterized by widespread pain in fibrous tissues and muscles, often accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances.

Movement, motion

Example: Kinesiology - The study of movement and how the body’s muscles, bones, and joints work together to produce motion.

Increased convexity of the spine

Example: Kyphosis - Excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunched posture, commonly seen in older adults.

Lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)

Example: Laminectomy - Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

Bent forward, increased concavity of the spine

Example: Lordosis - Excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly affecting the lower back and sometimes leading to pain.

Loin, lumbar region of the spine

Example: Lumbodynia - Pain in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, injury, or degenerative conditions.

 Mandible, lower jaw bone

Example: Mandibular - Pertaining to the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face that holds the lower teeth.

Maxilla, upper jaw bone

Example: Maxillofacial - Pertaining to the maxilla and face, often referring to surgeries or treatments involving the upper jaw and facial structures.

Meniscus, crescent

Example: Meniscectomy - Surgical removal of a meniscus, typically done to repair damage from injury or degeneration in the knee joint.

Muscle

Example: Myopathy – Any disease of the muscle, often resulting in weakness, pain, or dysfunction, such as in muscular dystrophy or inflammatory myopathies.

Marrow (bone), spinal cord

Example: Myelitis – Inflammation of the spinal cord or bone marrow, which can cause neurological symptoms, weakness, or immune system dysfunction.

Bone

Example: Osteoporosis – A condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, leading to brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures, especially in the hips, spine, and wrists.

Patella, kneecap

 Example: Patellar – Pertaining to the kneecap, a small bone that protects the knee joint and facilitates leg extension.

Pelvis, pelvic bone

Example: Pelvimetry – Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis, often used in obstetrics to assess the feasibility of vaginal childbirth.

elvis, pelvic bone

Example: Pelvectomy – Surgical removal of part or all of the pelvis, typically performed to treat advanced cancers or severe trauma.

Stone

Example: Petrous – Resembling stone or pertaining to the petrous part of the temporal bone, which houses the inner ear structures.

•                 Bones of the fingers and toes

  Example: Phalangeal – Pertaining to the bones of the fingers or toes, essential for dexterity and movement.

•                                 Sole of the foot

  Example: Plantar fasciitis – Inflammation of the fascia on the sole of the foot, causing heel pain and discomfort, often due to overuse or improper footwear.

•                                  Pubis (hipbone)

  Example: Pubofemoral – Pertaining to the pubis and femur, such as the pubofemoral ligament, which supports the hip joint.

Vertebral spine, vertebral column

Example: Rachialgia – Pain in the vertebral column, often caused by conditions like arthritis, herniated discs, or muscular strain.

Rod-shaped, striated

Example: Rhabdomyolysis – A condition involving the breakdown of striated muscle fibers, leading to the release of muscle contents into the bloodstream, potentially causing kidney damage.

• Flesh, connective tissue

  Example: Sarcoma – A malignant tumor of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, or fat, often requiring surgical and medical treatment.

Crooked, curved

Example: Scoliosis – Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which can cause back pain, posture issues, and in severe cases, breathing difficulties.

Vertebra, spine, vertebral column

Example: Spondylitis – Inflammation of the vertebrae, often seen in conditions like ankylosing spondylitis, causing stiffness and pain in the spine.

Tarsals, ankle bones

Example: Tarsalgia – Pain in the ankle bones, often caused by arthritis, injury, or overuse.

•                                      Tendon

  Example: Tenosynovitis – Inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath, often caused by repetitive movement or injury.

 Vertebra, spine, vertebral column

Example: Vertebral – Pertaining to a vertebra, one of the interlocking bones that make up the spinal column, providing support and protection for the spinal cord.

BDT = Bone Density Testing

CTS = Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

EMG = Electromyography

MD = Muscular Dystrophy

MG = Myasthenia Gravis

OA = Osteoarthritis

OP = Osteoporosis

OT = Occupational Therapy

PKR = Partial Knee Replacement

PMR = Polymyalgia Rheumatica

RA = Rheumatoid Arthritis

ROM = Range of Motion

RSD = Repetitive Stress Disorder

THR = Total Hip Replacement

TKR = Total Knee Replacement

Achilles Tendon

• Named After: Achilles, a hero of Greek mythology.

Paget's Disease of Bone

• Named After: Sir James Paget, a British surgeon.

Baker's Cyst

• Named After: William Morrant Baker, a British surgeon.

Erb’s Palsy

• Named After: Wilhelm Heinrich Erb, a German neurologist.