ankyl/o

 Stiff, bent Example: Ankylosis - Abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of the bones, often caused by injury or disease.

arthr/o

 Joint Example: Arthritis – Inflammation of a joint, often resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can be caused by aging, autoimmune disorders, or injury.

carp/o

Carpals, wrist Example: Carpectomy - Surgical removal of a carpal bone, typically performed to relieve pain or improve wrist function.

chondr/o

Cartilage Example: Chondromalacia - Softening of cartilage, commonly affecting the knee and leading to pain and swelling during movement.

clavic/o, clavicul/o

Clavicle, collarbone Example: Clavicectomy - Excision of the clavicle, usually performed to treat severe fractures or chronic pain.

cost/o

Ribs Example: Costochondritis – Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum, causing localized chest pain that can mimic heart-related conditions.

crani/o

Cranium Example: Craniotomy - Surgical incision into the cranium to access the brain for procedures such as tumor removal or trauma management.

electr/o

Electricity; electrical activity Example: Electromyography - A diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of muscles to detect neuromuscular disorders.

fasci/o

Fascia Example: Fasciotomy - A surgical incision into fascia to relieve tension or pressure, often used to treat compartment syndrome.

fibr/o

Fibrous connective tissue Example: Fibromyalgia - A condition characterized by widespread pain in fibrous tissues and muscles, often accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances.

kinesi/o

 Movement, motion Example: Kinesiology - The study of movement and how the body’s muscles, bones, and joints work together to produce motion.

kyph/o

Increased convexity of the spine Example: Kyphosis - Excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunched posture, commonly seen in older adults.

lamin/o

Lamina (thin, flat plate or layer) Example: Laminectomy - Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves.

leiomy/o

Smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs Example: Leiomyoma - A benign tumor of smooth muscle, often found in the uterus where it is commonly referred to as a fibroid.

lord/o

Bent forward, increased concavity of the spine Example: Lordosis - Excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly affecting the lower back and sometimes leading to pain.

lumb/o

 Loin, lumbar region of the spine Example: Lumbodynia - Pain in the lumbar region, often caused by muscle strain, injury, or degenerative conditions.

mandibul/o

Mandible, lower jaw bone Example: Mandibular - Pertaining to the mandible, the largest and strongest bone of the face that holds the lower teeth.

maxill/o

Maxilla, upper jaw bone Example: Maxillofacial - Pertaining to the maxilla and face, often referring to surgeries or treatments involving the upper jaw and facial structures.

menisc/o

Meniscus, crescent Example: Meniscectomy - Surgical removal of a meniscus, typically done to repair damage from injury or degeneration in the knee joint.