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| bone marrow or spinal cord |
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| pelvis (basin) or hip bone |
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| rod-shaped or striated (skeletal) |
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| bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities |
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| bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue) |
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| specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton |
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| tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones |
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| spongy bone or cancellous bone |
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| mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
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| bones of the arms and legs |
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| bones of the wrist and ankles |
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| bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull |
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| bones of the vertebrae and face |
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| round bones found near joints (ex. patella) |
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| wide ends of a long bone (physis=growth) |
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| growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone |
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| membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone |
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| cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow |
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| soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
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| functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults |
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| gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
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| a fibrous vascular membrane that covers the bone |
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| a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate |
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| a joint; the point where two bones come together |
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| a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
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| a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction |
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| the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk |
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| a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
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| membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
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| joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
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| tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
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striated muscle
skeletal muscle |
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| voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton |
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| involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
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| muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
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| muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
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| a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
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| a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
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| anatomic or anatomical position |
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| a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions |
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| reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
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| vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
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| vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
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| horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
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| from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
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| from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
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| situated above another structure, toward the head |
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| situated below another structure, away from the head |
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| toward the beginning or origin of a structure |
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| away from the beginning or origin of a structure |
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| toward the middle (midline) |
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| the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
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| lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decubitus is lying on the side |
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| horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back |
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| bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
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| straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
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| movement away from the body |
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| circular movement around an axis |
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| turning outward (ex. of foot) |
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| turning inward (ex. of foot) |
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| turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward |
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| turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward |
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| bending of the foot or the toes upward |
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| bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
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| total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees |
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| instrument used to measure joint angles |
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| grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint of broken bones |
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| a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
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| flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
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| increase in the size or tissue, such as muscle |
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| reduced muscle tone or tension |
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| drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
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| uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, cauing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
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| tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
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| shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
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| inflammation of the joints, characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
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osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative arthritis
degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
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| most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
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| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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| most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity |
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| acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the big toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
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| bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum=something laid aside) |
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| swelling of the joint at the base of the big toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
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| inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
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| broken bone with no open wound |
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| compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound |
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| nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repeair |
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| displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
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| the line of the break in a broken bone |
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| broken in many small pieces |
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| bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children |
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| protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
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| malignant smooth muscle tumor |
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| malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
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| a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common |
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| type of malignant bone tumor |
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| disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
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| osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity |
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| infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation |
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| condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily |
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| curvatures of the spine or spinal column |
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| abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition) |
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| abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) |
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| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve) |
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| forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra |
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| stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration |
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| injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
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| a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders usually performed by a neurologist |
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| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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| a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders |
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nuclear medicine imaging
radionuclide organ imaging |
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| an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes |
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| a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy, etc. |
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| an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation); commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints |
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| a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium |
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computed tomography (CT)
computed axial tomography (CAT) |
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| a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three dimensional image |
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| ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy |
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| partial or complete removal of a limb |
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| puncture for aspiration of a joint |
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| binding or fusing of joint surfaces |
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| repair or reconstruction of a joint |
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| procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within |
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| transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect |
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| open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture |
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| internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins |
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| division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
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| closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture |
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| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing |
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| use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing |
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| use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury |
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| application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing |
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| closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture |
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| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing |
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| use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support |
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| treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities, such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound |
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| an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint |
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| a drug that relieves pain |
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| a potent analgesic with addictive properties |
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| a drug that reduces inflammation |
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| a drug that relieves fever |
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| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) |
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| a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis |
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| computed axial tomography |
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| degenerative joint disease |
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| open reduction, internal fixation |
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