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Musculoskeletal system A & P
Chap 18-Musculoskeletal system
141
Nursing
Professional
12/09/2009

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Definition
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, and Hematopoiesis (Blood Formation)
Term
Bone tissue comes in two types. Compact bone and Spongy bone. What is a compact bone and spongy bone?
Definition
A compact bone is hard and dense. A spongy bone is composed of small bony plates.
Term
Spongy bone contain marrow, what are the two forms?
Definition
Yellow and red bone marrow
Term
Red bone marrow is found in the ends of 1.__________, in the bodies of the 2._________ and in the 3.__________.
Definition

1.Long bones

2.Vertebrae

3.Flat Bones

Term
Red bone marrow is responsible for manufacturing 1._____,2._____,and 3.______. This is called Hematopoisesis.
Definition

1.RBC's

2.WBC's

3.Platelets

Term
Hard, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers most of the outside of the bone.
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Periosteum also merges with 1._______ and 2._______ and contains 3.________ that supply oxygen and nutrients to the bone cells keeping them alive.
Definition

1. tendons

2. ligaments

3.blood vessels

 

Term
There are two types of osseous (bony) tissue involved in construction of the long bones of the extremities. What are the two types of Osseous?
Definition
Diaphysis and Epiphysis
Term
1._______ shaft of the long bone, is hard and compact.
Definition
1.Diaphysis
Term
1.________ is spongelike and is covered by a shell of harder bone. Located at the end of the long bones.
Definition
1.Epiphysis
Term

The place where diaphysis and epiphysis meet is called the 1._____________.

 

Definition
1.Epiphyseal growth plate
Term
A large rounded project, usually for articulation with another bone.
Definition
Condyle
Term
A large knoblike projection usually for muscle attachment.
Definition
Tuberosity
Term
A bone in the leg contains both condyles and tuberosities on both ends, what is that bone?
Definition
Tibia
Term
A flat projection or area
Definition
Plate
Term
Any prominence or projection of bone is called a 1._________. A spine  (spina) is a 2._________; a ridge or crest is a thin or 3.__________.
Definition

1.Bony process

2. Sharp process

3.Narrow process

Term
A hole through which blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves pass.
Definition
Foramen
Term
The points at which bones attach to each other are called 1.___________ or 2.____________.
Definition

1.Joints

2. Articulation

Term
Fixed, immovable joints
Definition

Synarthroses

(i.e., bones in the skull)

Term
This joints allows movement in only one plane, smiliar to the hinge of a door.
Definition

Hinge (ginglymus) joint

Examples.

jaw

(Also moves slightly from side to side.)

 

knee and ankle joints

(allows rotary movement aswell)

 

Term
This joint in which the rounded end of one bone moves within a cup-shaped depression in the other bone.
Definition

Ball and socket joint

examples.

Hip joint

Term
The joint in which one bone rotates or turns within a bony or cartilaginous ring.
Definition

Pivot joint

Examples.

Atlas ( First cervical vertebra)

head rotating on the axis (second cervical vertebra)

Term
1.__________ are small, flat sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They help ease movement, while reducing friction.
Definition
1.Bursae
Term
Bursae are located around joints that are susceptible to pressure and trauma, such as the 1._______, 2._______,3._________, 4.________.
Definition

1.Knee

2.Shoulder

3.Elbow

4.Hip

Term
Strong fibrous bands called __________ hold bones together.
Definition

Ligaments

 

Ligaments also support internal organs and other structures.

Term
__________ is a type of connective tissue organized into a system of fibers.
Definition

cartilage.

 

Cartilage helps to also reduce friction in the joints and to distribute weight evenly

Term
The skeleton has two divisions, what are those divisions?
Definition

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Term
The 1.____________ contains the bones in the center or axis of the body. The 2.___________contains the bones of the extremities and appendages of the body
Definition

1.Axial Skeleton

2.Appendicular skeleton

Term
What regions of the skeleton contain the axial skeleton?
Definition

Skull, Vertebral column, and the thoracic (rib) cage, make up the axial skeleton.

 

For more info check pg 174

Table 18-3 Divisions of the adult skeletal system

Term
A newborns cranium has several membranes ( Soft Spots). These are called __________ and are located between the cranial bones.
Definition
Fontanels
Term
They Permit the skull of the infant to change shape as it passes through the vaginal canal and allow growth of the infants head.
Definition
Fontanels
Term
There are two 1.________ that fuse to create the upper jawbone. The lower jawbone, the 2._______, is the only movable facial bone.
Definition

1.Maxillae

2.Mandible

Term
This type of bone is also called floating bone.
Definition

Hyoid bone

located behind and below the mandible and directly above the larynx

Term
Sinuses. There are four pairs of cavities or sinuses in the cranial bones that make the skull lighter and enhance vocal sounds. What are those four pairs of bones?
Definition

Frontal, Ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary

 

The sinuses are named for the bones in which they lie.

Term
How many total bones are there in the adult skull?
Definition
28 bones
Term
How many bones are in the cranium and what are they?
Definition

2 parietal

1 occipital

1 frontal

2 temporal

1 sphenoid

1 ethmoid


8 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull

 

Term
How many bones of the face and what are they?
Definition

2 Nasal

1 Vomer

2 Inferior Turbinates (in the nostrils)

2 Lacrimal (orbitals)

2 Zygomatic

2 palate

2 maxillae

1 mandible

14 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull

Term
how many auditory ossicles are there in the ears?
Definition

1 pair malleus (hammer)

1 pair incus (anvil)

1 pair stapes (stirrup)

6 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull

3 in each ear.

Term
The 1.______, or 2._______, holds the head, stiffens and supports the middle portion of the body and provides attachments for the ribs and pelvin bones
Definition

1. Vertebral column

2. Spine

 

The spine also protects the spinal cord, wich passes from the brain down through the bony rings that make up the spinal canal (Vertebral foramina).

Term
In children the vertebral column consists of how many bones?
Definition

pg 176

Between 33-34 bones

 

As children go through the process of growth and development these bones fuse. The vertebral column of most adults consists of 26 bones.

 

Special considerations of the Vertebrae:Most people have 26 vertebrae. Individuals from certain cultural groups may have fewer---- 11% of african american women have 23 vertebrae, and 12% of alaska natives and native americans have 25.

 

Term

Spine Abnormality

Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.

 

Definition

Scoliosis

 

It occures most commmonly during adolescence and is mroe frequently found in girls than in boys.

Term

Spine Abnormality

"Sway back," is an exaggeration of the normal lumbar spine curve in the small of the back.

Definition
Lordosis
Term

Spine Abnormality

"Widow's hump" or "Humpback," may occure in aging and is more commen in women.

Definition

Kyphosis

 

Kyphosis is often caused by osteoporosis

Term
These disks act as shock absorbers during walking, jump, or falling.
Definition

Intervertebral disks

 

A "slipped" disk refers to an intervertebral disk that has shifted out of position.

 

A "ruptured" disk occures when pressure forces some less dense tissue sideways, causing a protrusions in the walls of the disk (like a squashed grape).

Term
On each vertebra is an area where the ribs articulate with the vertebrae. This is a joint what is it?
Definition

Facet joint

 

These joints are lined with cartilage but may become misaligned. Many cases of back pain, particularly in the lower back, involve misalignment of these facet joints.

Term
The front boundary of the upper part of the thorax is the ________ or breastbone, a flat, sword shaped bone in the middle of the chest opposite of the thoracic vertebrae in the back
Definition
Sternum
Term
The sternum is made up of three sections. What are they?
Definition

Manubrium is at the top

 

The body of the sternum is in the middle

 

The xiphoid process projects out at the bottom

Term
What regions of the skeleton are contained in the appendicular skeleton?
Definition

upper and lower extremities (limbs) and the pelvic girdle.

 

The upper extremities include:

4 bones from the shoulder girdle

60 bones from the arms

 

The lower extremities include:

60 bones from the legs

 

The pelvic (hip) girdle has 2 bones

Term
Both the radius and ulna are attached to the wrist bones to form the wrist joint. This arrangement of bones allows the palm to be turned how?
Definition
Supination (forward) or pronation (backward)
Term
The upper end of the femur, described as the head, is attached to the pelvic bone in a ball-and-socket joint, where its rounded head fits into a depression called?
Definition
Acetabulum
Term
There is a protrusion on the lower end of the tibia that can be felt on the medial side of the ankle. This is called?
Definition
Medial malleolus
Term
The pubic bones meet in front and are joined by a pad of cartilage; this juncture is called?
Definition
Symphysis pubis
Term
How many tarsal bones are there in the foot and what are they?
Definition

1 Calcaneus

1 Talus

1 Navicular

1 Cuboid

3 Cuneiforms

7 total bones

 

Term
What are the functions of the muscles?
Definition

Body movement

blood circulation

&

heat production

Term
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Definition

Skeletal Muscles (movements of the skeleton,voluntary, heavily straited)

Smooth Muscles (involuntary motions inside body organs, nonstraited)

&

Cardiac Muscles (middle layer of the heart, propells blood through the blood vessels. Involuntary, lightly straited)

Term
Each muscle is covered by a sheath of connective tissue called?
Definition
Fascia
Term
The ends of fascia lengthen into tough cords called?
Definition
Tendons-Attach muscle to bones
Term
Dome-shaped muscle that forms the division between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.  It is also one of the most vital muscles in the body.
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
The _________ are located betweeen the ribs. when they contract, the thoracic cavity enlarges, both from side to side and from front to back.
Definition
Intercostal muscles
Term

What are the primary muscles for respiration?

 

Definition
Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
Term
2 muscles of the body help with chewing. What are these muscles?
Definition
Masseter and Temporalis
Term
Bone building cells are called?
Definition

Osteoblasts

&

Process by which bones become hardened, due to an increase in calcified tissue.

 

 

 

 

Term
Process by which bones become hardened, due to an increase in calcified tissue.
Definition

Ossification

&

is the formation of bone by osteoblasts

 

Ossification progresses from the middle of the shaft outward.

 

 

Term
The hardened, mature bone cell is called?
Definition
Osteocyte
Term
 ________ are cells that assist in the breakdown of bone.
Definition

Osteoclasts

 

This process allows bones to grow and change shape. Bones continue building up and resorbing throughout life.

Term

The following factors affect bone growth and maintenance:

Heredity

Nutrition

Exercise

Hormones

 

Explain them

Definition

Heredity:genes,genetic (inherited) tendencies

 

Nutrition:Protein, vitamins (A,D,C), and minerals(calcium, phosphorus)

 

Exercise:weight bearing (provides stress to strengthen bones)

 

Hormones: affect rate of bone growth, calcium metabolism, energy production, and overall maintenance

Term
Lack of vitamin D causes a bone malformation in children called rickets, in adults, the disorder is called ________.
Definition
Osteomalacia
Term

Muscles need energy to move. The body uses stored glucose for fuel.

The body also breaks down fatty acids for fuel. This fuel is called?

Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Term

When the body is cold , we shiver.

When the body needs to produce a great amount of heat in an emergency, the body produces the more violent action of _____________.

Definition

Total Body Chilling

 

Pg 183, Power Source, end of the first paragraph

Term

_________contractions do not increase the length of a muscle but do increase muscle tension.


Forexample, if you push against an unmovable object or tense the muscles in your upper arm, your muscle tighten.

Definition

Isometric contractions

 

Bedridden clights are encouraged to do isometric exercises, even if they cannot be out of bed

Term

_________ contractions shorten and thicken the muscle, causing movement.

 

Examples of exercises include swimming, jogglinh or bicycling

Definition

Isotonic contractions

 

A person in bed also can move the extremities and move about in bed to exercise the muscles

Term
Also known as Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
Definition
Osteoarthritis
Term
Increased mobility allows for increased independence. An adult ______ pattern, or manner of walking, develops between ages 3 and 5.
Definition

Gait

 

Term
__________ is the total amount of motion that a joint is capable of.
Definition
Range of motion (ROM)
Term
Number of bones in the human body
Definition
206
Term
Smallest bones
Definition

In middle ear:

malleus, incus, and stapes

Term
Purpose of skeletal bones
Definition

support body

give shape

protect vital organs

Term
____________ encompasses most of the bone.  The shaft is made of it.
Definition
Compact bone
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
_________ is found at the ends of the bone, and contains spaces.
Term
Bone marrow is found in ________
Definition
spongy bone
Term
Bone marrow is ________ in younger people, and turns ______ in older people.
Definition

Red

Yellow

Term
The making of blood
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
Bone gets nutrients from the _________
Definition
periosteum
Term
Property and functions of the periosteum
Definition
  • Tough fibrous tissue with vast blood supply
  • Allows for attachment of ligaments and tendons
  • Provides nutrients for the bone
Term
Part of bone needed for growth
Definition
epiphyseal plate
Term
The number of bones in the spine.
Definition
26
Term
Number and type of spinal bones
Definition

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

1 sacral

1 coccyx

Term
Purpose of pelvic bones
Definition
Protection of digestive and reproductive organs
Term
Bones of the pelvis
Definition

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Bone to muscle?
Definition
Tendons. ex: achilles Tendon
Term
Ligaments
Definition
*strong fibrous bands and holds bone to bone
Term
The human Body has how many bones?
Definition
206
Term
Functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
* support
*protects vital organs
*Give shape to the body
Term
Is hard and dense composes the shaft of long bones and outer layer of the other bones
Definition
compact bone
Term
Composed of small bony plates, it contains more spaces than compact bones
Definition
spongy bones
Term
Found in the ends of long bones, they are responsible for manufacturing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Definition
Red Bone Marrow
Term
process of manufacturing red blood cell, white blood cel, platelets
Definition
Hematopoiesis
Term
hard, though, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers most of the outside of the bone
* contains blood vessel that supply o2 and nutrients to bone cell
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Large rounded projection, usually for articulation with another bone
Definition
condyle
Term
large elevated knob-like projection usually for muscle attachment i.e( Tibia)
Definition
Tuberiosity
Term
a flat projection or area
Definition
plate
Term
any prominence or projection of bone
Definition
bony process
Term
a hole which blood vessel, ligaments and nerves pass ( opening)
Definition
foramen
Term
points at which bones attach to each other?
Definition
joints/articulation
Term
sponge like air space within a bone
Definition
sinus
Term
allows movement in only 1 plane, simillar to hinge of door
ex: elbow knee, jaw
Definition
hinge joints (ginglymus)
Term
ball and socket (spheroidical joint)
Definition
hip-joint
Term
small, flat sacs lined with synovial fluid

* they help ease movement while reducing friction
Definition
bursae
Term
type of connective tissue organized into a system of fibers

* it helps to reduce friction in the joints and distribute weight evenly
Definition
cartilage
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
head vertebrae, sternum, ribs

*center or axis of the body
Term
located between cranial bones, they permit the skull of infant to change shape as it passes through vaginal canal and allow growth of infants head
Definition
fontanels
Term
landmark of blood flow
Definition
fontanels
Term
bone of the head
Definition
cranium
Term
cranium bones are
Definition
*frontal
*parietal
*sphenoid
*temporal
*occipital
Term
the only moveable facial bone
Definition
mandible
Term
bone that assist in swallowing
Definition
hyoid
Term
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (whole spine area)
Definition
scoliosis
Term
"sway back" an exaggeration of the normal lumbar spine curve in the back
Definition
lordosis ( lumbar)
Term
"widows hump", "hunch back" (thoracic)
Definition
kyphosis
Term
purpose of pelvic bone
Definition
protect digestive, reproductive area
Term
bone that connects with the thumb
Definition
radial bone
Term
body's strongest bone
Definition
femur
Term
3 bones of pelvis
Definition
ilium, ishium, pubis
Term
functions of muscle
Definition
body movement
heat production
circulation
Term
controls movement of skelton (voluntary)
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
controls involuntary motions inside viscera ex: cardiac muscle
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
located between the ribs when they contract the thoracic cavity enlarges both from side to side front to back
Definition
intercostal muscle
Term
muscle that assist in chewing
Definition
masseter
Term
building up of bones
Definition
osteoblast
Term
breaking down of bones
Definition
osteoclasts
Term
Joints that allow limited movement
Definition
Amphiarthroses(i.e., Articulation between the ribs and the spinal column)
Term
Joints that allow free movement.
Definition
Diarthroses(hinge joints, ball and socket joints, Pivot joints)
Term
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Definition
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Definition
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