Term
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Definition
| hold articulating bones together |
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Definition
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Definition
| are fluid-filled sacs near joints that provide a cushion and help to reduce friction between structures. |
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Definition
| At each end of long bones |
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Definition
| Long bones have a central shaft |
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Definition
| The portion between the diaphysis and the epiphysis |
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Term
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Definition
| In immature individuals it's located between the metaphysis and epiphysis |
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Definition
| Bones are surrounded by an outer coating of thin tissue which serves as an attachment point for tendons and muscles and contains nerves and blood vessels |
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Definition
| The outer part of the bones themselves |
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Definition
| lines the inner side of the cortex and contains blood vessels |
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Definition
| The innermost part of the bone |
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Term
| trabecular, cancellous, or spongy bone |
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Definition
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Term
| Bones serve a variety of important functions |
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Definition
| . These include hematopoiesis (production of blood cells), acting as a reservoir for minerals (calcium and phosphorus), providing structural protection, and providing support and leverage to enable locomotion |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| Growth of the long bones takes place by formation of a cartilage template or model, which is then mineralized |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification. |
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Definition
| Most flat bones develop by mineralization of connective tissue |
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Term
| Factors that are critical for the formation of bone |
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Definition
| calcium, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin (a hormone made by the thyroid). |
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Term
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Definition
| make the matrix of growing bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature osteoblasts residing in bone matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteoblasts that exist in an inactive form |
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Term
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Definition
| break down and remove bone and are therefore essential for remodeling |
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Term
| When an osteoblast is placed under mechanical stress... |
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Definition
| it responds by producing bone |
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Term
| Osteoclasts remove minerals by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteoclasts remove matrix by? |
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Definition
| secreting degradative enzymes |
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Term
| The growth of any bone requires that? |
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Definition
| matrix and mineral be added and subtracted in an organized way. |
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Term
| Bone loss can occur if? (in reference to osteoclasts) |
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Definition
| osteoclasts get the upper hand! |
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Term
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Definition
| organic(osteoid) and inorganic(hydroxyapatite) components. |
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Term
| hydroxyapatite consists of? |
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Definition
| minerals, largely calcium and phosphorus complexed together. |
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Term
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Definition
| the matrix transitions from largely proteinaceous osteoid to a form that consists largely of hydroxyapatite |
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Term
| Disease of bone can develop from? |
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Definition
| abnormalities in either the osteoid or mineral components of bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| is characterized by collagen fibers that run haphazardly in random directions. It's easier and faster for the body to build than compact bone, so it is the first type of bone laid down after a fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen fibers are arranged in orderly layers. Almost all bone in adults is of the this type. |
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Term
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Definition
| states that bone is laid down according to the force that is exerted on it, also states it is important to keep weight on the bone to encourage faster re-growth of bone |
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Term
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Definition
| an outgrowth of bone at the base of the large toe. |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition where bone is soft due to a lack of proper mineralization. |
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Term
| Osteomalacia is usually caused by inadequate... |
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Definition
| Vitamin D, which is necessary for uptake of calcium from the diet and thus for maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood |
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Term
| The primary manifestation of osteomalacia in adults are? |
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Definition
| an increased risk of fractures, and the patient may complain of bone pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| aseptic or avascular necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| death of bone due to a localized interruption of the blood supply. |
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Term
| Steroids are often the cause... |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteogenesis imperfecta AKA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| results from mutations in the gene for a type of collagen. As a result, bones, skin, teeth, etc. are weaker than normal. Sometimes parents of children with this condition may be falsely accused of child abuse, since the children are very prone to fractures. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fairly common disorder, affecting some 5% of the population over the age of 65. It is thought to result from excessive, uncoordinated activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, such that too little bone is deposited in some places and too much in others |
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Term
| Fractures occur with Paget’s disease.... |
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Definition
| because the abnormal architecture of the bones makes them weaker than normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| infections of bone. Such infections can lead to abscesses and/or death of bone tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| metastatic tumors that originated in other organs are far more common than primary bone tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
| overall bone mass is reduced, the most common skeletal disease, certainly in this country, and is a major cause of hospitalization in the elderly. |
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Term
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Definition
| post-menopausal osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
| primary disease that results from aging and, in women, the loss of the favorable effects of estrogens on bone. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sacral insufficiency fractures. |
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Definition
| Another common site for spontaneous fractures is the sacrum |
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Term
The difference between
1.osteogenesis imperfecta
2.osteomalacia
3.osteoporosis. |
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Definition
1.faulty osteoid
2. deficient in minerals
3. both components are diminished |
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Term
| Classification of joint diseases. |
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Definition
| Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a near-frictionless surface to prevent bone from rubbing on bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Beneath the cartilage of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin, Saran wrap-like structure that lines the joint space and makes nutrients for the cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of the synovial lining of the joint. Characterized by a loss of cartilage and formation of bone spurs. |
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Term
| Affected by osteoarthritis |
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Definition
| including those in the cervical and lumbar spines; the last two rows of joints in the fingers and all joints of the thumb; the hips; the knees; and the front of the feet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures that surround joints |
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Term
| Non-autoimmune periarticular conditions |
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Definition
| degenerative disease of the discs, tendonitis, Bursitis |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the bursae and occurs most often in the hip. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease of the synovium where the synovium overgrows and starts eating into adjacent structures, such as cartilage, tendons, and bones |
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Term
| A key point is that RA... |
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Definition
| is an autoimmune disease, in which there is activation and perpetuation of the immune response, resulting in chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| an antibody, usually of the IgM type, that reacts with immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| an autoantibody that reacts with cyclic citrullinated peptide and is regarded as a highly specific marker for RA. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cytokine that is involved in the pathogenesis of RA. It has many of the same activities as interleukin-1. |
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Term
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Definition
| overgrown synovium produced by RA. Which secretes enzymes that can degrade cartilage, bone, tendons, and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| results when the autoimmune response damages glands in the mouth and around the eyes, leading to dryness |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive fluid accumulates in back of the knee joint. Sometimes this fluid escapes the joint and drains into the calf, which is very painful and can mimic deep vein thrombosis. |
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Term
| Treatment for patients with RA. |
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Definition
| . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used, as are low doses of steroids. So-called disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate, can help to slow the inevitable progression of the disease. there are now five drugs on the market that inhibit tumor necrosis factor |
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Term
| Patients with RA are at increased risk of.... |
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Definition
| developing lymphoma, heart attacks, and stroke and have shortened life-spans. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of inflammatory arthritic diseases that have in common the involvement of the spine |
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Term
| Types of Spondyloarthropathy |
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Definition
| psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that is associated genetically with a form of the MHC Class I molecule called HLA B27. In this condition, the spine becomes fused due to calcification of the ligaments overlying the anterior edge of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that results from abnormally high levels of uric acid, which is a normal product of metabolism |
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Term
| Large collections of crystals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is so-called because it occurs in reaction to an infection but is not directly due to the invading microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
| infectious organism that can cause arthritis directly when it invades joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) |
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Definition
| associated with production of antibodies directed against the patient’s own DNA (seen in some 60% of cases) and other components in the cell nucleus; collectively, these are called anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) |
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Term
| Common manifestations of SLE |
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Definition
| are arthritis, the aforementioned rash, and inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis). |
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Term
| Polymyositis and dermatomyositis |
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Definition
| are diseases in which there is an autoimmune attack on skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive deposition of collagen (fibrosis) in the organs and blood vessels, which can cause hardening and inflexibility of the tissues. There is no effective therapy to slow this fibrosis. It is a systemic condition, and the lungs are often involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible spasms of small blood vessels in the hands and/or feet, which produces white (blanching) or blue (cyanosis) colors in the toes and fingers. |
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Term
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Definition
| generally seen in older people and is marked by muscle pain (myalgias), particularly in the shoulders and thighs. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a poorly understood condition that is associated with muscle pain and fatigue. |
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