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| neutral STJ = 10º varus; forefoot = 12-15º varus |
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| STJ = 2-3º varus; forefoot = 0-2º varus |
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| Determinants of walking (5) |
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| single limb stance, walking velocity, cadence, step length, ratio of pelvic span to ankle span |
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| Development of Gait: birth to 9m (3) |
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| working on antigravity mvmt (essential for indep amb), flex contracture at hip, physiological varus at tibfem angle |
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| Development of Gait: 9-15m (7) |
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| wide BOS; hip FABER; kinee flex/varus; full foot initial contact in PF, heel everted; short stride, ↑ cadence; relative foot drop in swing; high guard |
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| Progression of balance in gait |
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| Beginning gait: postural alignments made by mvmt of … |
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| CoM of toddlers is closer to… |
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| Limiting factor of beginning gait (strength/balance) |
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| extensor strength (not pattern-generating abilities) |
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| Kicking in early infancy is similar to: |
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| high guard; no reciprocal arm swing |
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| Early Walking (12m): trunk |
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| forward; lateral shift to advance |
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| Early Walking (12m): pelvis |
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| ant tilt; hike to clear floor; excess rot to ↑ step length |
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| stance: excessive flex + some ER/abd |
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| Early Walking (12m): knee |
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| Early Walking (12m): ankle |
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| IC: no heel strike; Swing: PF; Step taken on diagonal to ↑ BOS |
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| high guard ↓ ; reciprocal arm swing begins; transport toy |
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| immature heel strike begins |
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| Walking 18-24m: step length |
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| moving inferiorly; >> ↑ stability |
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| ________ is important for new balance & postural control strategies |
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| walking experience (c/s shoes, differing environments, etc) |
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| more developed; increased |
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| Walking 18-24m: co-contraction |
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| ↓ co-contraction of antagonists; smoothing out gait cycle |
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| excess rotation still present |
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| full ext in stance is immature; stance knee flex remains until 3 yo |
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| Walking 3-5 yo: major characteristics (6) |
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| genu valgum; ↓ femoral anteversion; COM near lumbar spine; ↓ heel eversion; heel strike consistent, c knee flex of opposite LE; reciprocal arm swing |
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| stability by 4-6yo; fully mature by 7 yo; heel position neutral; COM = L3 (sacral as adults) |
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| Musculoskeletal development occurs during... |
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| the embryonic period (2-8 wk post conception) |
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| connective tissue, muscle |
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| ______ >> limb buds >> _____ |
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| mesenchymal cells >> limb buds >> cartilage (wk 3-4) |
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| jt formation occurs during... |
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| week 6-8 (completes in early childhood) |
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| Cartilaginous skeleton completed by... [time] |
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| Primary ossification (location, timeframe) |
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centers of diaphyses of long bones
week 8 - third trimester |
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| Secondary ossification (location, timeframe) |
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epiphyses of long bones,
perinatally through 20 yo |
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| Longitudinal growth occurs until age... |
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| Examples of appositional growth |
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greater trochanter,
tibial tuberosity
(sites of mm force, compressive force) |
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| Spinal extension developed by month #... |
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| Spinal lordosis developed by month #... |
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| Scoliosis named for the... |
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| Depth of acetabulum increases until age... |
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| ____ results in formation of hip joint |
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| compressive forces of femoral head (esp in FABER positioning) |
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| Maximum congruity of hip jt = |
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| Angle of hip inclination (birth, adult, atypical) |
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birth = 145º (valga)
adult = 125º (normal)
atypical = <125º (vara) |
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| Femoral version = angular difference between ... |
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transcondylar axis of knee &
axis of femoral neck |
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| Normal degree of femoral version = |
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| Excessive femoral anteversion >> |
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| Excessive femoral retroversion >> |
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| Positioning for pediatric assessment of hip rotation |
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| Positioning for pediatric assessment of hip version |
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| Hip flexion values (birth, 1 yo, 5 yo) |
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birth: 30-50º
1 yo: 10-20º
5 yo: 0º |
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| Knee alignment (birth, 1-2 yo) |
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birth: 20-30º flex
1-2 yo: 0º |
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genu angle
(genu valgum = knock-kneed; genu varum = bow-legged) |
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