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| What is the shortening and thickening of functioning muscle or muscle fiber? |
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| What is a change in position, it enables you to move? |
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| What is the ability to respond to stimulation from the nervous system? |
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| What does it mean when after the contraction, a muscle will rebound to it original shape, it is the ability to rebound? |
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| What is when 1 muscle group contracts and the opposing group passively stretches to allow the contraction? |
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| What are the 3 different types of muscles? |
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| skeletal, cardiac, and visceral |
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| How are the 3 muscle types distinguished? |
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| by their location, microscopic appearance, and type of nervous control. |
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| Where is skeletal muscle found? |
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| What is skeletal muscle made of? |
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| long fibers where there are dark and light stripes of filament proteins seen in its cels. |
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| What does skeletal muscle contraction provide? |
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| the force of locomotion and other voluntary body movements. |
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| What is a voluntary movement? |
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| where you can move it... conscious thought |
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| When is the diaphragm voluntary? |
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| during vocalization and when taking a deep breath |
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| What is an example of a straited muscle? |
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| What muscle is straited, but itsn't attached to a bone, so it is autonomic? |
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| What is an autonomic muscle? |
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| where you don't have control over it, it is involuntary |
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| What muscle makes up the wall of the heart? |
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| Is straited muscle normally involuntary or voluntary? |
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| How many times does the heart contract per minute? |
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| How many liters of blood does the heart pump per minute? |
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| Where is visceral muscle found? |
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| on the walls of all the hollow muscles like the intestine, except for the heart |
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| non-straited or smooth muscle |
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| Is visceral muscle involuntary or voluntary? |
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| What are some jobs of visceral muscle? |
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| regulates the flow of blood in the arteries, moves ingested materials along through the gastrointestinal tract, expels urine from your urinary bladder, and causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the pupil |
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| circular bundles of visceral muscle that regulate the diameter of various tubular organs and openings |
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| Are the external sphincters visceral or skeletal? What about internal? |
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| Are sphincters voluntary or involuntary? |
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| What type of muscle is the entire female reproductive tract? |
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| How many skeletal muscles are in the body? |
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| How much percent of body weight do skeletal muscles make up? |
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| What are the major functions of the skeletal system? |
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| force production for locomotion and breathing, fore production for postural support, and heat production during cold stress |
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| What does skeletal muscle allow you to do? |
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| What is the beginning point on the bone where the muscle is attached? |
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| What is the end point where the muscle tapers into a glistening white tendon? |
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| What is the resulting movement of the bone? |
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| What is it called when the muscle is brought towards the center line? |
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| What is it called when the muscle is moved away from the center line? |
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| What do the fibers of the tendons intertwine with? |
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| the fibers of the periosteum |
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| How do skeletal muscles produce movement? |
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| by pulling tendons which exert force on the bone |
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| What does the agonist bone do? |
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| What does the antagonist bone do? |
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| it works against the agonist |
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| Must there be an extensor for every flexor? |
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| What is skeletal muscle made out of? |
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| thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers |
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| What are strings that the muscle cells are made of and they run from the origin to the insertion? |
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| What is the plasma membrane or skin that covers the cell or muscle, it surrounds it? |
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| What is the cell membrane made up of? |
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| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do? |
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| takes stuff from the nucleus to the sarcolemma |
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| What are the strings you see that make up the muscle? |
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| What does the mitochondria do? |
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| it takes in sugar and makes adenosine triphosphate |
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| What are myofibrils made up of? |
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| What are thin sheets of muscle fiber called? |
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| What are thick sheets of muscle fiber called? |
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| What is the area called that is nothing but actin? |
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| What is the area called that is actin and myosin put together? |
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| What makes the muscles fire? |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| What makes your muscles stretch or constrict? |
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| What is the result of a lack of Adenosine Triphosphate? |
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| What is a large mitochondrion? |
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| What is another name for the sarcoplasm? |
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| What does the sarcoplsam contain? |
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| How do myofibrils run with each other... parallel or perpendicular? |
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| What gives the muscle its straited appearance? |
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| the overlapping arrangements of actin and myosin (myofibrils) |
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| What is the distance between one Z line to another called? |
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| What is the functional unit of muscle contraction? |
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| What is the thin sheet of connective tissue that wraps the multinucleated cylinder (fiber) called? |
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| What are groups of 10-100 fibers bound together by? and what does this form? |
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| What are groups of fascicles bound together by what layers of connective tissue to form the muscle? |
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| What does the epimysium house? |
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| blood vessels and berves necessart for proper muscular formation |
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| Is the number of fibers in the muscles fixed early in life or later in life? |
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| How does increased strength and muscle mass come about? |
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| through an increase in the thickness of the individual fibers and an increase in the amount of connective tissue |
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| What are the extensions of myosin filaments called? |
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| what are the crossbriges shaped like? |
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| What do the actin filaments look like? |
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| What are the actin and myosin doing when you are relaxing? |
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| they are disengaged... the myosin heads are uncocked |
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| What does the muscle traction begin with? |
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| impulses from nerve cells stimulate an influx of calcium from the sarcoplasm, which unlocks the actin binding sites |
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| What do the myosin crossbridges attach to? |
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| What is it called when the myosin crossbridges attach to the actin filaments, flex and pull that actin filament, drawing the muscle ends together and shortening the sarcomere? |
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| What do the mysoin heads do at the end of a powerstroke? |
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| What do the actin and myosin do in a single muscle contraction? |
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| they attach, disengage, then reattach mutliple times |
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| How many actin fibers surround 1 myosin crossbridge? |
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| small tears in the muscle fibers or connective tissue, or muscle spasms or overstretching... also oxygen debt and lactic acid build-up |
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| What are our primary sources for energy? |
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| What are carbohydrates when found in the blood? |
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| What are carbohydrates when found in the muscle? |
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| a combination of glucose molecues |
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| in the blood, in muscle tissue, and in adipose tissue |
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| What must fuel sources be converted to during the Krebs Cycle for muscle contraction to occur? |
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| When is Adenosine Triphosphate needed? |
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| when the attachment between the head of the mosin and the actin receptor site is formed |
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| When else is Adenosine Triphosphate needed? |
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| when the detachment of the crossbridge and the recocking of the myosin head take place |
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| What are the 2 problems that arise in a prolonged exercise period? |
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| first, the amount of Adenosine Triphosphate in a muscle cell is enough for only a few contractions. second, the amount of available oxygen becomes depleted during strenuous activity. |
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| What does the Krebs Cycle do when it runs out of blood, glucose and oxygen? |
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| it reaches for the muscle glycogen to create Adenosine Triphosphate |
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| What happens during anaerobic glycolysis? |
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| the glycogen is broken down into glucose, and the glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid. |
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| What does the pyruvic acid convert to? |
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| What is the result of a decrease of both Adenosine Triphosphate and Oxygen? |
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| there is a buildup of lactic acid inside the muscle fibers |
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| What does the body do when the lactic acid cannot be used? |
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| it is transported by the blood into the liver cells, where it can be converted into glucose through the expenditure of Adenosine Triphosphate energy |
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| What does the excess lactic acid int he muscles cells do to the pH? |
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| What is the result of excess lactic acid in the muscle cells? |
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| an inability of the muscle fibers to respond (contract) to the nerve stimulation |
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| What is the inability of the fibers to contract called? |
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| What is the lack of oxygen that causes the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles and liver? |
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| What does the amount of oxygen debt equal? |
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| it equals the amount of oxygen needed by these cells to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose |
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| If there is excess lactic acid in the muscles, what will result? |
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| How can we prevent soreness? |
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| increasingly build muscle fibers, give yourself time between sets, alternating muscle groups, and staying hydrated |
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| Which type of muscle contractions causes more soreness? |
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| eccentrec and sometimes isometric |
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| What type of contraction is it when the muscle shortens as it overcomes the resistance? example would be an upward curl with a weight... |
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| What type of contraction is it when the object is too heavy to move even when muscle force is being applied? |
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| What type of contraction is it when you lower the weight, as the muscle acts to oppose gravity, and the muscle lengthens? |
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| because of their size, shape, location, action, attachments, and the direction of their fibers |
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| What would deltoid be? trapezius? |
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| What is the masseter involved in? |
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| How many origins does the biceps brachi have? |
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| What do the fibers look like in an external oblique? |
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| the fibers are arranged in a slanting pattern |
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| they only pull, the never push |
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| What is the decreasing of the angle between the bones? |
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| What is the increasing of the angle between the bones called? |
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| What does it mean when the bone moves away from the midline? |
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| What does it mean when the bone moved toward the midline? |
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| What produces a revolving movement around an axis? |
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| What produces an upward movement? |
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| What produces a downward movement? |
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| What is a great reduction in muscle fibers and possible replacement by fibrous tissue called? |
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| What is a violent, involuntary contraction of an entire group of muscles called? It is also a characteristic of epileptic seizures and drug withdrawls. |
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| What is a painful, involuntary contraction in those muscles that have been used heavily and have suffered from fatigue called? |
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| What is a progressively crippling disease of unknown cause in which the muscles gradually weaken and atrophy? |
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| What is the inability to move a muscle? |
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| What is usually the cause of paralysis? |
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| some nervous system failure |
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| What is soreness on the front of the lower leg due to straining or tearing a muscle? |
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| What is mostly the cause of shin splints? |
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| walking up and down hills |
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| What is an involuntary contraction of shorter duration than a cramp and usually not as painful? |
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