Term
| What is meant by axial vs appendicular skeleton? Which bones are axial and which are appendicular? |
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Definition
| Axial: bones that are arranged along the vertical line that passes through the body from head to space between feet. Head, spinal cord. Appendicular: Upper and lower extremities and the bones that attach the extremities to the axis of the body. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the skeletal system and how does red bone marrow contribute to these functions? |
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Definition
| The function of the skeletal system is support, protection, assists in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell reproduction. Red bone marrow contributes: production of RBCs, WBCs and platelets take place in the red bone marrow. |
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Term
| Differentiate between osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. |
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Definition
| Osteoblasts are bone building cells, secrete collagen and elastin. Matrix around osteoblasts harden when calcium is deposited. Osteocytes maintain bone tissue; transport nutrients and wastes to and from nearby cells; osteoclasts secrete enzymes that destroy bone cells. |
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Term
| How do sutures differ from fontanels? |
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Definition
| In a newborn, the fontanel (soft spot) allows bones to slide over each other. Later the joints harden into sutures. |
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Term
| Define Haversian canals and osteons |
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Definition
| Haversian canals: the lamella forms circles around the capillaries. Osteons: osteocytes surrounding the central canal forms a unit called an osteon. |
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Term
| Differentiate between insertion and origin of muscles. |
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Definition
| Insertion is the site of a muscle attachment to the more moveable bone; origin is the site of a muscle's attachment to the more stationary bone or the bone that remains near its original position. |
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Term
| Differentiate between striated and non-striated muscle, voluntary and involuntary muscles and where the various muscle tissue is found. |
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Definition
| There is no conscious control over the contractions of smooth and the cardiac muscles so they are considered involuntary. We can control many skeletal muscles sothey are called voluntary. Striated is stripe-like and non-striated is smooth. Cardiac= heart wall; smooth = walls of blood vessels, airways and intestines. Skeletal provides motion , posture and heat prodcution. |
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Term
| What is the sarcomere, what is it made up of and their purpose? |
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Definition
| The sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction; made up of myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments; these filaments slide over each other during muscle contraction (sliding filament mechanism). |
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Term
| What is synapse and what crosses it? |
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Definition
| Synapse is the space between the neuron endings and cell membrane. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of motor neuron, axon and all muscle cells it stimulates. |
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Term
| What are the parts of a tooth? |
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Definition
| The tooth is made up of two parts: crown and root. The root is under the gumline. There is enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, root canal, periodontal membrane and bone. |
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Term
| Differentiate between the GI tract and the accessory organs. |
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Definition
| The GI tract aka digestive system is from the mouth to the anus; the accessory organs release enzymes used in digestion. They include glands in the GI tract wall: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. |
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Term
| What are the locations and functions of the various sphincters discussed? |
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Definition
| Internal anal sphincter: involuntary control. External anal sphincter: voluntary control. Pyloric sphincter: allows small amounts of chyme to enter the small intestines. LES (lower esophageal sphincter: AKA cardiac sphincter: permits food to enter the stomach then contracts to prevent backup of food. |
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Term
| What is bile, where is it produced and where is it stored? |
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Definition
| Bile is a yellowish fluid, produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. |
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Term
| What are the structure orders of the small intestines and large intestines? |
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Definition
| Small intestine = Duodenum, Jujenum and Ileum. Large intestine (aka colon) = Cecum, Ascending colon, trnasverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus. |
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Term
| What are the general functions of the small and large intestines? |
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Definition
Small: completes the digestion of proteins, fats and carbs.
Large: absorbs water and electrolyes, eliminates feces, houses intestinal flora, inhibits growth of pathogens, assists in the synthesis of Vit. K and B12. |
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Term
| What substances are producted by the pancreas and what are the functions of these substances? |
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Definition
| Endocrine cells: relaeas hormones that help regulate blood sugar; Exocrine Cells release digestive enzymes released into duodenum. These enzymes complete the digestion of carbs, proteins and fats. |
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Term
| What re the functions of the liver and gallbladder? Be awsare of the ducts discussed in class regarding these organs. |
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Definition
| Liver: forms bile, converts glucose to glycogen, produces plasma proteins, forms urea, detoxifies harmful substances, replaces worn-out red blood cells and aids in the immune response. Gallbladder (located behind the liver): stores bile. Contraction is stimulated by chyme entering the duodenum. |
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Term
| What is intrinsic factor and where is it produced? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic factor is a component of the gastric juices. It is produced in the stomach and is required for Vitamin B12 absorption. |
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Term
| What blood type is a universal donor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blood type is the universal recipient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are dendritic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Big eaters; cleans debris in the body. |
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Term
| what are the substances that make up a blood clot? |
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Definition
| Factor X is activated, thrombin is produced, fibrinogen, fibrin, cells, platelets and calcium. |
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Term
| What is the function of the T-tubule and sacrcoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium while the muscle is relaxed; t-tubules releases the calcium. |
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Term
| What are the major parts of a long bone? |
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Definition
| Periosteum: strong fibrous membrane which is firmly attached to the long bone except at joint surfaces; protects and nourishes the bone. Epiphysis are the enlarged ends of e long bones. This area meets with a second bone at a joint. Contains spongy bone and red bone marrow. |
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Term
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Definition
| bone located in the upper arm. |
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Term
| True ribs are directly attached to what? False ribs are indirectly attached to what? |
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Definition
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