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| The unintended and often non-obvious functions of some social phenomenon. |
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| The study of large-scale social phenomena. |
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| The obvious and intended functions of some social phenomenon. |
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| The study of the details of interaction between people, mostly in small-group settings. |
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| The idea that what people define as real is real in its consequences. |
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| Common features found in all societies. |
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| Beliefs about ideal goals and behavior that serve as standards for social life. |
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| Statues that we acquire over time as a result of our own actions. |
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| A collection of people who are physically at the same place at the same time but do not interact in any meaningful way. |
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| Statues into which we are born and that we cannot change, or that we acquire involuntarily over the life course. |
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| The tendency in bureaucracies to focus more on the rules than on the goal. |
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| Tonnies' term for a society based on natural will relationships. |
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| Tonnies' term for a society constructed primarily on the basis of rational will relationships. |
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| A group to which individuals belong and toward which they feel pride and loyalty. |
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| Durkheim's term for internal cohesion that results from people being very much like each other. |
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| Durkheim's term for internal cohesion that results from economic interdependency. |
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| Group to which individuals do not belong and toward which they feel disdain and possibly hostility. |
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| Theory that work in a bureaucracy expands to fill the time available for its completion. |
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| Theory that bureaucrats are promoted until they reach their level of incompetence, where they then stay. |
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| Cultural norms that define the behaviors expected of an individual occupying a particular status. |
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| Difficulty performing one role associated with one status because of incompatibility with another role associated with a different status. |
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| All of the roles associated with a single status. |
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| Difficulty performing all the elements of the role set connected to a single social status. |
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| Social positions that people occupy. |
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| A situation in which an individual occupies several ranked statuses, some of which are evaluated more positively than others. |
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| All the statuses that a given individual occupies. |
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| Anticipatory Socialization |
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| A process whereby people practice what they want to achieve. |
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| Freud's term for the part of the personality that mediates between biological drives and the culture that would deny them. |
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| The study of how people socially construct their everyday world and give meaning to their experiences and interactions. |
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| The theory that suggests that once a child learns cultural definitions of gender, they become the key structures around which all other information is organized. |
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| Mead's term for that aspect of self that is spontaneous, creative, and impulsive. |
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| Freud's term for the individual's biological drives and impulses that strive for gratification. |
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| Cooley's term for the idea that we use other people as a mirror to gain an image of ourselves. |
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| Mead's term for the socialized self; the one that makes us concerned about how others judge us. |
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| Freud's term for all the norms, values, and morals that are learned through socialization; similar to conscience. |
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| Medicalization Of Deviance |
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Definition
| Reconceptualizing the character of a deviant from "evil" to "sick". |
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| An approach to understanding human behavior through scientific method. |
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| Any deviant act that is not followed by labeling. |
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| A period of time following labeling during which deviants reorganize their lives around their stigma. |
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| The view that structured social inequality is functional for society because it ensures that key statuses will be held by highly capable people. |
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| An approach to stratification that explains social inequality as the consequence of individual variations in ability. |
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| Intergenerational Social Mobility |
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Definition
| Social mobility measured by comparing an individual's class position with that of his or her parents or grandparents. |
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| Intragenerational Social Mobility |
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| Social mobility that occurs during an individual's lifetime. |
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| A graphic representation of the relationship between economic development and economic inequality at the societal level. |
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| Refers to government programs that are only provided to persons falling below a particular income level. |
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| Operationalizing the variable of class by assigning individuals to class positions on the basis of indicators such as income or occupation. |
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Definition
| Operationalizing the variable of class by asking well-informed members of a community to locate other people's positions in the stratification system. |
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