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| The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data. |
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| A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values. |
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| The values (measures or observations) that the variables can assume. |
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| Variables whose values are determined by chance. |
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| A collection of data values. |
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| Each value in a data set. |
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| Consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data. |
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| Consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations, and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. |
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| The chance of an event occurring. |
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| Consists of all subjects that are being studied. |
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| A group of subjects from a population. |
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| A decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population, based on information obtained from samples. |
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| Variables that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute. Example: Male or Female. |
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| Numerical variables that can be ordered or ranked. |
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| Assume values that can be counted. |
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| Can assume an infinite number of values between any two specific values. They are obtained by measuring. They often include fractions and decimals. |
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| How variables are categorized, counted, or measured. |
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| Nominal Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| Classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping)categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. |
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| Ordinal Level of Measurement |
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Definition
| Classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist. |
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| Interval Level of Measurement |
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| Ranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist; however, there is no meaningful zero. |
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| Ratio Level of Measurement |
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| Possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population. |
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| Selected by using chance methods or random numbers. |
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| Obtained by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every kth subject. |
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| Obtained by dividing the population into groups (called strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group randomly. |
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| Population is divided into groups called clusters by some means, such as geographic area or schools in a large district, then the researcher randomly selects some of these clusters and uses all members of the selected clusters as subjects of the sample. |
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| Researcher uses subjects that are convenient. Example: Subjects entering a local mall. |
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| The Researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations. |
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| The researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables. |
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| A study that uses intact groups rather than random assignment of subjects to groups. |
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| Independent Variable (Explanatory Variable) |
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| In an experimental study, the variable that is being manipulated by the researcher. |
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| Dependent Variable (Outcome Variable) |
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| A variable in correlation and regression analysis that cannot be controlled or manipulated. |
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| The group in an experiment that received the special instruction or specific treatment. |
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| The group in an experiment that receives no special instruction or specific treatment. |
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| An effect on an outcome or dependent variable caused by the fact that subjects of the study know that they are participating in the study. |
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| A variable that influences the dependent or outcome variable but was not separated from the independent variable. |
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