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MTD 212 Anatomy & Physiology (Everest College)
Body Systems
22
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2010

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Term
Antibody
Definition
A specific protein produced to destroy or suppress antigens.
Term
Immunity
Definition
Resistance to disease provided by the body through specific or nonspecific immunity. Key to this process is the ability of the body to distinguish "self" from "non-self."
Term
Antigens
Definition
Any substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.
Term
Non-specific immune response (natural immunity)
Definition
A general response to something identified as not part of the body.
Term
Specific immune response
Definition
The ability to recognize certain antigens and to destroy them.
Term
Microorganisms
Definition
Life forms capable of damaging or interfering with the body and its functions. Do not normally cause disease, and exist in two states - commensalism and mutualism.
Term
Commensalism
Definition
One of two states that microorganisms exist in. In this state organisms give little or now benefit/harm to humans.
Term
Mutualism
Definition
One of two states that microorganisms can exist is. In this state both the microorganism and the host (human) gain some benefit.
Term
5 types of microorganisms
Definition
1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. pathogenic animals
Term
2 additional classes of microorganisms
Definition
1. ticks and mites
2. mesozoa and leeches
Term
What are the great cause of disease and death worldwide?
Definition
Pathogens
Term
General symptoms of disease
Definition
1. fever
2. increased catabolism
3. malaise
Term
Stages of infection
Definition
1. incubation period
2. prodrome (an early symptom warning of the onset of a disease)
3. acute stage
4. resolution
5. convalescence
Term
What determines the time, course, and severity of disease?
Definition
The balance between the strength of the pathogen and the success of the immune system.
Term
Non-specific defenses
Definition
body response the same way to all substances that are identified as "not a part of the body." A.K.A. innate or natural immunity. Examples: sneezing, vomiting, coughing.
Term
Other types of non-specific defenses
Definition
1. Cellular response - action of white blood cells (WBC's) on pathogens.
2. Chemical response - substances that can stop or start imflammation, sticky substances that destroy microorganisms. Two types:
A. Complements - proteins that combine to create substances that phagocytize bacteria
B. Interferon - protien produced by virus infected cells that protect uninfected cells
3. Inflammatory response - a coordinated response involving chemical and cellular response to destroy pathogens and begin tissue repair.
Term
Immune structures that aid in non-specific defense
Definition
Skin
-protects against entry or loss of water
-contains sebaceous glands that produce sebum
-up to 3 million microorganisms on a square centimeter of skin.
Mouth
-lined with mucous membrane and is irrigated constantly with saliva
-flow of saliva directed toward back of throat so salivary glads are infected and to trap microorganisms in the digestive tract
-saliva also contains lysozyme, an antibacterial immunoglobulin (immunoglobulin makes it difficult for microorganisms to adhere to tissue)
-tonsils also protect the oral cavity
Stomach
-hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach lining kills most organisms, some organisms can resist (salmonella, eggs of some parasitic organisms)
-vomiting to rid body of harmful entities/irritants/toxins
Intestines
-rely on bactericidal action of stomach
-beneficial flora found in the intestines contribute to normal function
-small and large intestines are liberallly supplied with lymphatic tissue
-diarrhea may be a defense mechanism like vomiting, however this may occur too late to help.
Respiratory tract
-upper: hairs in nose prevent large particles and insects from entering
-nasal mucosa secrete a backward flow of mucus to trap small particles, lysozyme is also present
-sneezing is a protective reflex to expel irritants
Lower
-trachea and bronchi lined with ciliated mucus to trap organisms that passed through upper respiratory system
-cilia shifts mucus towards the pharynx to be swallowed and have trapped pathogens destroyed by stomach
-if organisms reach alveoli, macrophages ("big eaters") get them
-lungs are supplied with lymph nodes to act as filters
-coughing is a defense mechanism
Genitourinary tract
-constant downward flow of urine protects against ascending infections
-beneficial flora in vagina helps to maintain acidic environment which creates a volatile environment
-length of urethra also helps protect against pathogens
Term
Specific Immunity
Definition
Immune system's ability to recognize certain antigens and destroy them.
-ability not present at birth
-can develop memory cells (snapshots) of antigens
Term
Cells of specific immunity (lymphocytes)
Definition
1. T-Cells
-originate in the bone marrow
-migrate to the thymus to become immunocompetent (learn to distinguish "self" from "non-self")
-after becoming immunocompetent, housed in lymph organs (spleen), bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Also circlate in bloodstream and lymph.
Term
Specialized T-Cells include
Definition
-Helper T-Cells: assist B lymphocytes in the recognition and production of antibodies. Can also assist killer cells.
-Suppressor T-cells: Produce substances that help end the immune response
-Killer T-Cells kill tumor cells
Term
B-cells/lymphocytes
Definition
-Grow and develop in bone marrow
-modify and become antigen non-specific
-attach themselves to bacterial and viral pathogens
Term
3 ways B cells fight infection
Definition
Elimination of extracellular microorganism
-B cells mature into plasma cells once contact is made with antigen
-secrete antibodies
-initial process is slow with 1st infection due to a lack of antibodies. With 2nd infection response time is much quicker and greater due to memory cells
Elimination of microorganisms that normally survive for long periods in macrophages
-primary response does not kill pathogen
-pathogens can survive and multiply in macrophages
-macrophage presents itself with a marker of the antigen
-Helper T cells recognize marker and binds to macrophage which stimulates an internal cleanse
Elimination of microorganisms that infect cells without defense system
-viruses can infect any cell and most have no defense
-infected cell will place a protein on its surface a calling card of the virus within
-Killer T-Cells recognize virus and secrete cytotoxic molecules into infected cell
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