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MSU - PSY101
Chapter 8
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
02/17/2008
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Term
behaviorism
 Definition

the view that psychology:

1) should be an objective science

2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

most psychologists agree with 1 but not with 2

Term
associative learning
 Definition
learning that certain events occur together. The events may 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
Term
classical conditioning
 Definition
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
learning
 Definition
a relative permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
Term

unconditioned response (UR)

 Definition
  • classical conditioning
  • the unlearne, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US)
  • example: salivation when food is in the mouth
Term
unconditioned stimulus (US)
 Definition
  • Classical conditioning
  • a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
Term
conditioned response (CR)
 Definition
  • classical conditioning
  • the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
 Definition
  • classical conditioning
  • an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response
Term
Ivan Pavlov's experiment
 Definition
  • Pavlov presented a neutral stimulus (a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus (food in mouth).
  • The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response.
Term
Acquisition
 Definition
  • The initial stage in classical conditioning
  • the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
  • In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced resposne.
Term
Extinction
 Definition
  • The diminishing of a conditioned response
  • Occurs inclassical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • Occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
 Definition
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Term
generalization
 Definition
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Term
discrimination
 Definition
  • in classical conditioning
  • the learned abilioty to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Term
operant conditioning
 Definition
  • a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Term
Respondant behavior
 Definition
  • Behavior that occurs to an automatic response to some stimulus
  • skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
Term
operant behavior
 Definition
  • behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
  • skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
Term
law of effect
 Definition
  • Thorndike's principal that
  • behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
  • behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Term
Operant Chamber
 Definition
  • A chamber also known as a skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtrain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
  • Used in operant Conditioning research.
Term
shaping
 Definition
  • an operant conditioning procedure
  • reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
    		•
    Term
    reinforcer
    		 Definition
    in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
    Term
    positive reinforcement
    		 Definition
  • increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food
  • a positive reforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
    		•
    Term
    negative reinforcement
    		 Definition
  • increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock.
  • A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
  • Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment
    		•
    Term
    primary reinforcer
    		 Definition
  • an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies biological need
    		•
    Term
    conditioned reinforcer
    		 Definition
  • a stimulus that gains its reinforcing powetr through its association with a primary reinforcer
  • also known as secondary reinforcer
    		•
    Term
    continuous reinforcement
    		 Definition
  • reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
    		•
    Term
    partial (intermittent) reinforcement
    		 Definition
  • reinforcing a response only part of the time
  • results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
    		•
    Term
    fixed-ration schedule
    		 Definition
  • in operant conditioning
  • a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
    		•
    Term
    variable-ratio schedule
    		 Definition
  • in operant conditioning
  • a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
    		•
    Term
    fixed-interval schedule
    		 Definition
  • in operant conditioning
  • a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
    		•
    Term
    variable-interval schedule
    		 Definition
  • in operant conditioning
  • a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
    		•
    Term
    punishment
    		 Definition
  • an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
    		•
    Term
    cognitive map
    		 Definition
  • a mental representation of the layout of one's environment.
  • example: after exploring a maze, rats act if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
    		•
    Term
    latent learning
    		 Definition
  • learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
    		•
    Term
    intrinsic motivation
    		 Definition
  • a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
    		•
    Term
    extrinsic motivation
    		 Definition
  • a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
    		•
    Term
    observational learning
    		 Definition
    learning by observing others
    Term
    modeling
    		 Definition
    the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
    Term
    mirror neurons
    		 Definition
  • frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
  • The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
    		•
    Term
    Albert Bandura
    		 Definition
  • did bobo doll experiment
  • experiment on observational learning
    		•
    Term
    Prosocial Behavior
    		 Definition
  • positive, constructive, helpful behavior
  • the opposite of antisocial behavior
    		•
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