Term
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Definition
| first line of human cancer cells, been dividing since 1951 |
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Term
| Parts of the Life Cycle (not cell cycle) |
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Definition
| Grow, Develop, Maintain themselves, Reproduce |
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Term
| Mitosis - Type of cells, function |
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Definition
Somatic (body) cells,
For Growth, repair, replace worn out/dead cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| All DNA wrapped around proteins, considered the term for it when its not condensed? |
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Term
| Chromosome Number for humans |
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Definition
| 46 Total Chromosomes: 23 Pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| "2n" Two sets of chromosomes (one set of 23 from each parent) |
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Term
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Definition
| "1n" hap think half.... only 1 set of 23 chromsomes, as in gametes. |
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Term
| Sex Chromosome Pair number |
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Definition
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Term
Sex Chromosome: Males are ______ and
Females are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Homologous Chromosomes |
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Definition
| Paired corresponding chromosomes, identical |
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Term
| Meiosis - Type of cells, function |
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Definition
| Germ cells, first stage of reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| each individual strand can't see until prophase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Segment of DNA, usually associated with a particular trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein your DNA wraps around - can be loose or the packed chromosome wrap. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holds the copied sister chromatids together during mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
P arm is above centromere on chromosome
Q arm is below. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interphase (g1,s,g2) and Mitosis (PMAT) |
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Term
| G1 phase, characteristics |
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Definition
| Growth cell just finished dividing |
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Term
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Definition
| "Synthesis" The DNA is copied. |
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Term
| G2 phase, characteristics |
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Definition
| further prep for dividing, building proteins ect |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm divides, pinched off by actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pinched in spot you see as cytokinesis begins to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| "PMAT" Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telaphase |
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Term
| At what stage of the cell cycle can you see the chromosomes |
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Definition
| M phase (only when they are condensed.) |
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Term
| What is the "wing" or half of a chromosome called. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the centromere on the chromosome AND the centrosome at the end of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin condense, centrosome duplicates, nucleus begins to dissolve, centrosomes move to ends |
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Term
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Definition
| easiest... spindles all attached chromosomes pulled into line at center of cell (metaphasic plate). |
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Term
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Definition
| split chromosomes are pulled to the pole regions (centrosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromsomes unpack become unable to see them, nucleus starts to reappear. |
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Term
| What stage of mitosis shows the chromsomes just begining to separate |
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Definition
| Anaphase (telephase would be the pinching off part)(metaphase would be lined up) |
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Term
| T/F Irradiated food isn't actually radioactive |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| g1, s, g2 THEN primary undergoes Meiosis 1 (separates 23 pairs creating haploid secondary cells) THEN Meiosis 2 (now 4 gametes) |
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Term
| Where does oogenesis stop |
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Definition
| waits at metaphase 2 for fertilization |
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Term
| Name of the oocytes the get eventually broken down |
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Definition
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Term
| When does Crossing over occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the pairs separate 2 to the 23rd possible combinations |
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Term
| Nonsister chromatids are not identical: T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosome number in Prophase 2 |
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Definition
| 1n. They are haploid now. |
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Term
| Amount of genes effecting skin color? what type of trait is this? |
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Definition
| more than 100, polygenic trait |
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Term
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Definition
| specific location of a gene. ie "the p (top) arm of the X chromosome" |
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Term
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Definition
| a version of a gene. usually the dominant allele is shown. |
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Term
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Definition
| same allele (gene/trait) on both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| Different allele (gene/trait) on each side. |
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Term
| Homozygous dominant? Homozygous recessive? Heterozygous? |
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Definition
| HD is AA, HR is aa, and H is Aa |
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Term
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Definition
| genotype is what genes you have, phenotype is the obvservable traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of gamete pairs during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Bb x Bb always gets 3:1 dominant:recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/4 CC 1/2 Cc 1/4 cc...75% shows dominant, 1:2:1 |
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Term
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Definition
| all will show dominant C trait |
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Term
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Definition
cross org with homozygous recessive (aa).
if kids Aa, parent was AA, if some show some don't parent was Aa. |
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Term
| 2 Trait crosses between heteros |
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Definition
9:3:3:1
9 both dom; 3-1 dom 1 rec; 3- 1dom1rec; 1 both recessive |
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Term
| If Ee and ee crossed, what percent chance of dominant showing. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pleiotropy; example? |
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Definition
| wide ranging effects from one gene (sickle cell anemia example... one change causes lots of symptoms) |
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Term
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Definition
| both traits can be expressed. Blood Type..AB gene combo is AB blood. both are dominant genes. |
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Term
| What is a multiple allele system? Example? |
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Definition
| Where one allele/locus has more than just 2 options. EX: blood type gene can be, A,B,or O (AA is A, AB is AB, BB is B, OO is O etc) OR EYE COLOR |
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Term
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Definition
| probability that someone who gets a gene will have the phenotype associated with it. (Low means doesn't show) |
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Term
| Example of 100% penatrance |
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Definition
| Cystic Fibrosis. homorecessive and 100%! |
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Term
| Example of low peneatrance |
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Definition
| Polydactyly (doesn't always show even when homozygous for trait |
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Term
| What is a polygenic Trait? |
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Definition
| several genes cause one phenotype. think skin color or eye color. |
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Term
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Definition
| a wide range of differences...like skin color or height |
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Term
| What is a multifactorial trait? |
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Definition
| multiple factors. Genes and Environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| a particular location on a certain chromsome |
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Term
| When does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diploid cells have what kind of pairs. And how many alleles |
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Definition
homologous pairs (1 from each parent)
that is two alleles per pair |
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Term
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Definition
| short distance on a chromosome makes them less likely to be separated on MORE likely to stay together. |
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Term
| In a dihybrid cross, chance of a recessive showing? |
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Definition
| 1/16. Remember its 9:3:3:1.... |
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Term
| Crossing over occurs between? |
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Definition
| Homologous non-sister chromatids. (1-1 or 20-20 ect) |
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Term
| Part of Centromere where spindle attaches on each side? |
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Definition
| kinetochore (might be a bonus question) |
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Term
The p arm is on top/bottom?
The q arm is on top/bottom? |
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Definition
p is on top. (remember top has "p" in it)
q arm is on bottom |
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Term
| What are cells treated with to "pause" mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what stage does colchicine pause the cells for karyotypeing? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Human Chromosome Classifications |
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Definition
Metacentric: equal on both
Sub-Metacentric: p arm is shorter
acrocentric: p arm is almost non-existant |
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Term
| order of chromosome numbering? |
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Definition
| 1 is largest 22 is smallest then sex chromosomes. |
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Term
| Which sex chromosome has more nonsexual traits? |
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Definition
| X, which is why guys need one too |
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Term
| Big chromsome duplication is more/less dangerous than smaller ones. |
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Definition
| More lethal think about amount of dna involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| X, this is why males determine sex, only the sperm can have the Y |
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Term
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Definition
| in females the extra x chromsome turned off |
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Term
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Definition
| the condensed, turned off X chromosome from "X inactivation". |
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Term
| 2 Types of Sex Linked Traits and examples |
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Definition
Sex Influence: more often in one gender
example: baldness
Sex limited: only on one gender
example: breasts, beards etc |
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Term
| Identify symbols on Pedigree Chart |
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Definition
| Men=square, woman=circle, shows trait is filled in, carrier has dot |
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Term
| Genetic abnormality vs genetic disorder |
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Definition
| genetic abnormality is JUST a deviation from normal like blue eyes, a genetic disorder ACTUALLY shows mild to severe medical problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of symptoms that usually occur together and characterize a disorder |
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Term
| How many lethal genes humans usually have |
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Definition
| 3 to 8 lethal genes, somehow males more likely. |
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Term
| A filled in circle on a pedigree chart means |
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Definition
| an affected female, x linked will have a dot in the center. |
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Term
| 2 Types of Genetic Disorders |
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Definition
| Autosomal Recessive, Autosomal Dominant |
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Term
| Examples of Autosomal Recessive disorders and what it effects. |
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Definition
Cystic Fibrosis (CFTR gene)
Phenylketonuria (buildup of phenylalanine)
Tay-sachs Disease- lacks hexosamindase |
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Term
| Examples of Autosomal Dominant Disorders and what they effect |
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Definition
Huntingtons Disease - chromsome 4 mutation
Marfan Syndrome - short fibrillin protein
Achondroplasia - cartilage not dev (dwarf)
Familial hypercholesterolemia - high blood cholesterol. |
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Term
| If a pedigree diagram shows affected ppl skiping a generation |
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Definition
| usually its autosomal recessive. |
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Term
| X-Linked Disorders listed |
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Definition
Hemophilia-A clot protein factor 8
Hemophilia-B cloting protein factor 9
Duchenne Muscular dystrophy - dystrophin
r/g colorblind - protein opsin
testicular feminizing - xy person looks like female externals, mutated x |
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Term
| DOMINANT x linked disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| Marfan syndrome is x-linked/autosomal and recessive/dominmant |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Changes you can see on Karyotype |
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Definition
| Deletion, duplication, COMPLETE translocation |
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Term
| Changes you can't see on Karyotype |
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Definition
| Reciprocal Translocation, inversion, gene mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| change to one or more nucleiotides |
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Term
| define deletion (gene mutation) |
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Definition
| part of chromosome is lost |
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Term
| Example of deletion mutation |
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Definition
| Cri-du-chat "sounds like cat" deletion on chromosome 5 |
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Term
| Would inversion be visible on a karyotype |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have a multiple of 23 chromosomes. eu means "normal". |
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Term
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Definition
| not an exact multiple of 23, "one chromo off".. anue "not normal" |
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Term
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Definition
| triplication of one chromosome 2n+1 |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence of one chromosome 2n-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| 3,4 or more sets of 23 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all chromosomes line up and pull apart |
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Term
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Definition
| when one ore more pairs of chromosomes fails to seperate and go to the correct side. (trisomy or monosomy) |
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Term
| Down syndrome is an example of |
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Definition
| trisomy 21 (an extra chromsome 21) |
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Term
| Turner Syndrome details and genotype |
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Definition
| XO, missing x chromosome, |
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Term
| Poly-X or Metafemale syndrome details and genotype |
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Definition
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Term
| Klinefelter Syndrome genotype |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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