Term
| Supraspinous muscle action |
|
Definition
| abductor of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abductor of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| Infraspinatus muscle action |
|
Definition
| lateral rotation of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| Teres minor muscle action |
|
Definition
| lateral rotation of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| posterior deltoid muscle action |
|
Definition
| lateral rotation and extension of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| pectoralis major muscle action |
|
Definition
| medial rotation of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| latissimus dorsi muscle action |
|
Definition
| medial rotation and extension of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| Teres major muscle action |
|
Definition
| medial rotation & extension of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| subscapularis muscle action |
|
Definition
| medial rotation of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| choracobrachialis muscle action |
|
Definition
| flexion of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| anterior deltoid muscle action |
|
Definition
| flexion of humerus at glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
| short head of biceps muscle action |
|
Definition
flexion of humerus at glenohumeral joint
flexes forearm
supinates forearm when it is in flexed position |
|
|
Term
| long head of triceps muscle action |
|
Definition
Extends elbow
extension of shoulder (weak) |
|
|
Term
| gluteus medius muscle action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gluteus miminus muscle action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tensor fasciae latae muscle action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral rotator at hip joint |
|
|
Term
| obturator internis muscle action |
|
Definition
| lateral rotator at hip joint |
|
|
Term
| obturator externus muscle action |
|
Definition
| lateral rotator at hip joint |
|
|
Term
| quadratus femoris muscle action |
|
Definition
| lateral rotator at hip joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lateral rotator at hip joint
flex knee
flex hip |
|
|
Term
| rectus femoris muscle action |
|
Definition
flexor at hip joint
Extendor at knee |
|
|
Term
| deltoid innervation & blood supply |
|
Definition
| axillary nerve & posterior circumflex humeral artery |
|
|
Term
| supraspinatus muscle innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infraspinatus muscle innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Superior gluteal nerve innervates... |
|
Definition
| gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae |
|
|
Term
| inferior gluteal nerve innervates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
due to paralysis of superior gluteal nerve
--> sagging of pelvis to opposite side when the opposite limb is in the swing phase of gait
compensation by lurching trunk to side of paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Hamstring muscles that attach to ischial tuberosity & are innervated by the...? |
|
Definition
biceps femoris (long head), semimembranous, semitendinous muscles
Innervated by tibial nerve |
|
|
Term
short head of the biceps femoris attaches to the...
and is innervated by the... |
|
Definition
femur (does not act at hip)
innervated by common fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| nerves affected by upper brachial plexus injury |
|
Definition
C5-C6 are broken -->
suprascapular (all)
axillary (all)
musculocutaneous (most)
radial (some |
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates anterior compartment of the upper arm? |
|
Definition
musculocutaneous
(flexors) |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates posterior compartment of upper arm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates posterior compartment of the forearm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve innervates anterior compartment of the forearm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs up upper brachial plexus lesion (erb-duschenne palsy) |
|
Definition
limb adducted (held tightly to body wall)
medially rotated
wrist flexed |
|
|
Term
| clinical signs of lower brachial plexus lesion / klumpke's palsy |
|
Definition
C8 & T1 tearing (ventral rami, lower trunk)
--> paralysis of hand muscles / 'claw hand' |
|
|
Term
| axillary nerve cutaneous innervation to... |
|
Definition
| shoulder (skin over deltoid) |
|
|
Term
| median nerve cutaneous innervation to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ulnar nerve cutaneous innervation goes to...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower limb post-axial division nerves (front of limb) |
|
Definition
femoral n (L2-L4)
common fibular n (L4 - S2)
--> extensors |
|
|
Term
| lower limb pre-axial division nerves (back of limb) |
|
Definition
obturator n (L2-L4)
tibial n (L4-S3)
--> flexors |
|
|
Term
| femoral triangle boundaries |
|
Definition
superior = inguinal ligament
lateral = sartorius muscle (medial border)
medial = adductor longus muscle
floor = pectineus muscle |
|
|
Term
| triceps reflex tests what nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 structures coursing vertically in the cubital fossa |
|
Definition
"TAN"
biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve (lateral to medial) |
|
|
Term
| achilles' tendon reflex tests what nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Branches of popliteal artery |
|
Definition
Popliteal --> Anterior tibial & Posterior tibial (right below tendinous arch of soleus muscle
Posterior tibial gives off fibular |
|
|
Term
| Relationship of flexor tendons at the ankle |
|
Definition
Tibialis posterior (most anterior & lateral)
Flexor digitorum longus
POsterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Flexor Hallucis Longus (most posterior, near calcaneus)
(Tom DIck and Harry) |
|
|
Term
| components of axillary nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of a motor nerve |
|
Definition
somatomotor
somatosensory
symp/post |
|
|
Term
| What is used to maintain posture? |
|
Definition
ligaments & connective tissue
(NOT bones / muscles which are silent during rest) |
|
|
Term
| why isn't the humerus displaced downward during postural stance? |
|
Definition
locking mechanism at glenohumeral joint - lateral movement would be needed in addition to downward (prevented by joint capsule & CT elements of horizontal rotator cuff muscles)
with added weight, supraspinatus muscle activates |
|
|
Term
| shortening / concentric contraction |
|
Definition
| muscle is doing more work than external force (gravity, resistance, weight, etc) --> shortening of muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscular force = external force
as a result, muscle stays the same length |
|
|
Term
| lengthening / eccentric contraction |
|
Definition
muscle becomes longer while contracting
muscle force is less than external force, but some fibers are still actively contracting |
|
|
Term
| muscle - movement vs force |
|
Definition
Greatest force = short, fat muscle
Greatest movement = long, skinny muscle
*force is proportional to cross-sectional area
*movement is proportional to length of fibers |
|
|
Term
| Parallel vs pennate muscles |
|
Definition
Parallel = adapted for movement (vs force)
pennate = adapted for force |
|
|
Term
| Effect of tendons on parallel muscles |
|
Definition
Tendons reduce fiber length --> reduces overall movement
force is unaffected |
|
|
Term
| Effect of tendons on pennate muscles |
|
Definition
Tendons reduces overall force of pennate muscles
- movement unaffected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
articular disk connects clavicular head to costal cortilage to tether clavicle to sternum
ball & socket mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong coracoclavicular ligament pulls scapula w/ movement of clavicle & visa versa
Shoulder separation = tearing of ligament --> shoulder 'step down' at joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ball & socket joint has most movement of any joint in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scapula held in place by shoulder girdle (pec, trap, serratus, rhomboids, levator scapulae) --> movement of scapula on body wall |
|
|
Term
| bones involved in raising arm above head |
|
Definition
| clavicle, scapula, humerus |
|
|
Term
| joints involved in raising arm above head |
|
Definition
| sternocalvicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, scapulthoracic |
|
|
Term
| muscles involved in raising arm above head |
|
Definition
deltoid
trapezius
supraspinatus
serratus anterior |
|
|
Term
| movements invovled in raising arm above head |
|
Definition
1 - abduction of humerus (deltoid & supraspinatus) get it to 90 degrees, but then humerus contacts acromion
2 - rotation of scapula so glenoid fossa faces upward (trapezius elevates by pulling from neck, serratus & trap rotate scapula 90 degrees) |
|
|
Term
| muscles involved in lowering arm |
|
Definition
| same arm-raising muscles (trap, deltoid, supraspinatus, serratus anterior) act antagonistically & contract eccentrically. |
|
|
Term
| Gravitational vertical axis relationship to hip, knee, and ankle joints |
|
Definition
Posterior to hip joint = tendency to extend at hip (resisted by iliofemoral ligament)
Anterior to knee joint = tendency to extend knee (resisted by cruciate ligaments /joint capsule)
Anterior to ankle joint = tendency to dorsiflex (resisted by soleus muscle) |
|
|
Term
| Heel strike - muscles involved |
|
Definition
- Glut max / hamstrings = hip extensors: contract isometrically to prevent trunk from jack-knifing
- Ankle dorsiflexors (TA, EDL, EHL): contract eccentrically to set foot down slowly
- Glut med & min: contract isometrically to prevent pelvis from tilting to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Foot flat - muscles involved |
|
Definition
- Quads contract eccentrically to keep knee from buckling when weight is transferred
- Glut med & min: contract isometrically to prevent pelvis from tilting to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| mid stance - muscles involved |
|
Definition
- plantarflexors (gastroc, soleus, TP, FHL) contract eccentrically to prevent unwanted dorsiflexion
- Glut med & min: contract isometrically to prevent pelvis from tilting to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Heel-off phase of gait- muscles involved |
|
Definition
- calf muscles (gastroc, soleus, TP, FHL) contract concentrically to lift heel off ground + thrust
- Glut med & min: contract isometrically to prevent pelvis from tilting to opposite side |
|
|
Term
| Pre-swing / toe-off phase of gait- muscles involved |
|
Definition
- plantarflexors (gastroc, soleus, TP, FHL) contract concentrically to thrust
- Iliopsoas contracts concentrically to stop hip extension & initiate forward limb mvmt
- Rectus femoris contracts isometrically to prevent excess knee flexion |
|
|
Term
| Early swing phase of gait - muscles involved |
|
Definition
- Ankle dorsiflexors (TA, EDL, EHL) contract concentrically to lift toes off ground
- Iliopsoas & hip flexors contract concentrically to accelerate limb forward
- Quads contract isometrically to prevent unwanted excessive knee flexion |
|
|
Term
| Late swing phase of gait - muscles involved |
|
Definition
- Ankle dorsiflexors (TA, EDL, EHL) contract isometrically to hold ankle in readiness for heel strike
- Hamstrings contract eccentrically to slow forward momentum of leg before heel strike |
|
|
Term
| How is pelvic tilt controlled during gait? |
|
Definition
| Hip extensors contract isometrically during heel strike to prevent jack-knifing (gluteus maximus, hamstrings) |
|
|
Term
| Gait change with lesion to superior gluteal nerve |
|
Definition
Tendelenburg gait
- opposite pelvic tilt due to paralysis of glut medius & minimus
- Lesion on right: pelvis sags to left during swing phase of left leg, compensation by shifting trunk & head toward right to maintain balance |
|
|
Term
| Tibial nerve lesion / hamstring paralysis --> gait? |
|
Definition
| Hip extensor paralysis --> Patient leans backwards at heel-strike to counteract tendency to jack-knife forward |
|
|
Term
| Tibial n lesion / calf muscle paralysis --> gait? |
|
Definition
| can't raise heel off ground --> small steps / drag limb w/ hip flexors |
|
|
Term
| Deep fibular n lesion --> gait? |
|
Definition
| loss of ankle dorsiflexors (shin) --> toes can't clear ground in swing phase / can't decelerate slowly in heel strike --> "high stepping gait" & "foot slap" |
|
|
Term
| Obturator n injury effect on gait |
|
Definition
| paralysis of adductor muscles --> limb deviates laterally |
|
|
Term
| Two terminal branches of tibial n |
|
Definition
| Medial plantar nerve & lateral plantar nerve (on plantar aspect of foot) |
|
|
Term
| lateral plantar artery & nerve course between what muscles? |
|
Definition
| flexor digitorum brevis & quadratus plantae |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the tarsal tunnel? |
|
Definition
| tibial nerve, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
| Movements of midcarpal & radiocarpal joints |
|
Definition
| flexion, extension, abduction, adduction |
|
|
Term
| Movements of carpometacarpal of digits 2-5 |
|
Definition
| flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation |
|
|
Term
| Carpometacarpal joint of thumb - movement |
|
Definition
| flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation |
|
|
Term
| movement of Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint |
|
Definition
| flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, limited rotation |
|
|
Term
| Interphalangeal joints (PIPs) of digits 2-5 & thumb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Boundaries of anatomical snuff box |
|
Definition
| abductor pollicis longus / extensor pollicis brevis + extensor pollicus longus |
|
|
Term
| Common fracture when falling on outstretched hand |
|
Definition
scaphoid bone of wrist & radius take the force --> scaphoid often fractured
symptom - tenderness in snuffbox |
|
|
Term
| Thenar muscles of the hand |
|
Definition
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi |
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous innervation to dorsal tips of fingers 1-3.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutaneous innervation to pinky side of dorsal hand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutaneous innervation to thumb side of dorsal hand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of ulnar n lesion & clinical test |
|
Definition
Claw hand (intrinsic & extrinsics of hand affected)
Can't ab/adduct finges - loss of interossei
Test - grip paper placed between fingers |
|
|
Term
| Median n lesion - symptoms & test |
|
Definition
Scenario: attempted suicide
recurrent medial n damaged in base of thumb or compressed in carpal tunnel
Can't oppose thumb & little finger (thenar muscle loss)
Test = can't grip object to pick it up |
|
|
Term
| Radial n lesion - symptoms |
|
Definition
Scenario: fracture to shaft of humerus
Can't extend wrist or MP joint but CAN still extend digits
cutaneous thumb innervation maintained because superficial radial n splits off earlier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
People over 50 get thickening & shortening of palmar aponeurosis --> 4th & 5th digits in flexion position
(repair surgically) |
|
|
Term
| What passes through carpal tunnel? |
|
Definition
| 4 tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis, 4 tendons of flexor digitorum profundus, tendon of flexor pollicis longus, median nerve |
|
|
Term
| Cutting the median nerve (suicide attempt) would result in what functional loss? |
|
Definition
| Thenar muscles, 1st & 2nd lumbricals, cutaneous sensation on palmar surfaces of digits 1-4 + nail beds of same digits |
|
|
Term
| what arteries contribute to the deep vs superficial palmar arches? |
|
Definition
Superficial = ulnar artery
Deep = radial artery |
|
|
Term
| 3 points of articulation in knee joint |
|
Definition
| lateral tibiofemoral & medial tibiofemoral joints, patella articulates w/ femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hinge, rolling, gliding, and some rotation (in moving from flexion to full extension & vice versa) |
|
|
Term
| medial meniscus vs lateral meniscus |
|
Definition
Medial meniscus is attached to MCL
- more C shaped
LCL is separated from lateral menisucs by popliteus tendon
- LM is more "O" shaped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
knee maximally flexed, examiner rotates leg medially or laterally - leg extended to 90 degrees while rotated
-positive = audible click
- testing for meniscal tear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testing MCL integrity - pushes on lateral side of knee; if movement occurs, test is positive & they have MCL damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testing LCL integrity - pushes on medial side of knee; if movement occurs, test is positive & they have LCL damage |
|
|
Term
| cruciate ligament- locations |
|
Definition
| between intercondylar eminence of tibia & intercondylar surface of femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior aspect of tibial plateau --> lateral femoral condyle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior aspect of tibia --> medial femoral condyle |
|
|
Term
| function of cruciate ligaments |
|
Definition
hold femur & tibia together to provide stability
ACL prevents anterior displacement of tibia
PCL prevents posterior displacement of tibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examiner grasps leg at 90 degrees & pulls anteriorly - if leg moves forward > 1 cm = positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Patella = sesamoid bone that grew w/i a tendon
Gives additional leverage to quad muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| create a congruous surface for the femoral condyles |
|
|
Term
| Radiocarpal joint articulations |
|
Definition
Scaphoid & lunate articulate w/ radius
trequetrum (triangular) articulates w/ ulna (separated by articular disc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs from sudden contraction of biceps long tendon
SLAP tear = superior labrum tear from anterior - posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To repair torn, frayed, or stretched ulnar collateral ligament (UCL)
- replaced by piece of tendon from palmaris longus or other muscle |
|
|
Term
| anular ligament - location & function |
|
Definition
| attaches twice to ulna to attach the radius - holds head of radius against radial notch during pronation / supination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transverse fracture of distal radius
- distal radius absorbs majority of weight
Due to falling on outstretched hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
To test for ACL injury
knee at 15-20 degrees, grasp tibial tuberosity w/ one hand & distal thigh w/ other & pull |
|
|
Term
| most common ligaments & tendons are most affected in ankle sprain |
|
Definition
Anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular ligaments
Tendons of fibularis longus & brevis |
|
|
Term
| what structure helps counterbalance gravity at hip joint |
|
Definition
Line of gravity is posterior to hip
iliofemoral ligament helps counterbalance gravity when standing upright |
|
|
Term
| which meniscus is more commonly injured and why? |
|
Definition
| Medial meniscus because it's attached to MCL & therefore is less mobile and more likely injured |
|
|
Term
| In heel strike, weight on talus is distrubted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during footflat phase of gait weight is distributed to which tarsal bone & ligament? |
|
Definition
| navicular bone + calcaneonavicular ligament |
|
|
Term
| latissimus dorsi - innervation & function |
|
Definition
innervated by thoracodorsal nerve (branch of posterior cord)
Adducts
Medially rotates
Extends |
|
|
Term
| levator scapulae - innervation & function |
|
Definition
dorsal scapular n
elevates scapula |
|
|
Term
| pectoralis major innervation & functin |
|
Definition
| lateral & medial pectoral nerves adducts, medially rotates, and flexes humerus |
|
|
Term
| Pectoralis minor - innervation & function |
|
Definition
medial pectoral nerve
depresses scapula |
|
|
Term
| rhomboids - innervation & action |
|
Definition
dorsal scapular nerve
retracts scapula |
|
|
Term
| serratus anterior - innerv & action |
|
Definition
long thoracic nerve
protracts scapula
involved in rotating scapula to raise arm over head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trapezius - action & innervation |
|
Definition
accessory nerve
elevates, lowers, retracts scapula
rotates scapula upward |
|
|
Term
| spinal nerve for shoulder abduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spinal nerve for elbow flexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerve for finger flexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal n for intrinsic hand muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal n for knee extension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal n for ankle dorsiflexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal n for ankle plantarflexion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where to test function of deep fibular n? |
|
Definition
| webbing bw big toe & 2nd toe |
|
|
Term
| winged scapula caused by? |
|
Definition
| paralyzed serratus anterior |
|
|
Term
| choracobrachialis - nerve & action |
|
Definition
musculocutaneous
flexes arm at shoulder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spans from ischial tuberosity to dorsum of sacrum (passes over obturator internus tendon when viewed from posterior) |
|
|
Term
| pectineus muscle - action & innervation |
|
Definition
adducts & flexes thigh at hip joint
innervated by femoral n. (sometimes obturator) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rectus femoris
sartorius
iliopsoas
pectineus
tensor fascia latae |
|
|
Term
| fibularis longus/brevis action |
|
Definition
plantarflexion + eversion
stabilize foot during gait |
|
|
Term
| anterior tibial artery course in lower leg |
|
Definition
| between tibialis anterior & extensor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
| deep fibular nerve runs between what muscles? |
|
Definition
| tibialis anterior & extensor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
| What tendons provide support to medial arch? |
|
Definition
Calcaneonavicular (spring ligament) = greatest support to medial arch (and head of talus) - goes from sustentaculum tali to navicular
+ anterior & posterior tibial tendons |
|
|
Term
| acetabulum formed by what bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
