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MSE Final Note Cards
Materials Science Vocab
91
Engineering
Undergraduate 1
04/26/2007

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Term
Metallic Materials
Definition
Inorganic materials that are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivities.
Term
ceramic materials
Definition
Materials consisting of metals and nonmetals.
Term
polymeric materials
Definition
Materials consisting of long molecular chains or networks of low weight elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Term
composite materials
Definition
Materials that are mixtures of two or more materials.
Term
electronic materials
Definition
Materials used in electronics.
Term
Anion
Definition
An ion with a negative charge
Term
cation
Definition
An ion with a positive charge.
Term
ionic bond
Definition
A primary bond resulting from the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged ions.
Term
covalent bond
Definition
A primary bond resulting from the sharing of electrons.
Term
metallic bond
Definition
A primary bond resulting from the sharing of delocalized electrons in the form of an electron charge cloud by an aggregate of metal atoms.
Term
valence electrons
Definition
Electrons in the outermost shell that are most often involved in bonding.
Term
Crystal
Definition
A solid composed of atoms, ions or molecules arranged in a pattern that is repeated in three dimensions.
Term
unit cell
Definition
A convenient repeating unit of a space lattice
Term
body centered cubic
Definition
A unit cell with an atomic packing arrangement in which one atom is in contact with eight identical atoms located at the corners of an imaginary cube.
Term
face centered cubic
Definition
A unit cell with an atomic packing arrangement in which 12 atoms surround a central identical atom. PATTERN: ABCABC
Term
hexagonal close packed
Definition
A unit cell with an atomic packing arrangement in which 12 atoms surround a central identical atom. PATTERN: ABABAB
Term
atomic packing factor
Definition
The volume of atoms in a selected unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cell.
Term
Grain
Definition
A single crystal in a polycrystalline aggregate.
Term
Equiaxed Grains
Definition
Grains that are approximately equal in all directions and have random crystallographic orientations.
Term
Polycrystalline
Definition
A crystalline structure that contains many grains
Term
Solid Solution
Definition
An alloy of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal this is a single-phase atomic mixture.
Term
Alloy
Definition
A mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a nonmetal.
Term
Dislocation
Definition
A crystalline imperfection in which a lattice distortion is centered around a line.
Term
Grain Boundary
Definition
A surface imperfection that separates crystals (grains) of different orientations in a polycrystalline aggregate.
Term
Cold Working
Definition
Permanent deformation of metals and alloys below the temperature at which a strain free microstructure is produced continuously. Causes metal to be strain hardened.
Term
Hardness
Definition
A measure of the resistance of a material to permanent deformation.
Term
Slip
Definition
The process of atoms moving over each other during the permanent deformation of a metal.
Term
Slipbands
Definition
Line markings on the surface of a metal due to slip caused by permanent deformation.
Term
Slip System
Definition
A combination of a slip plane and a slip direction.
Term
Recovery
Definition
The first stage of the annealing process that results in the removal of residual stresses.
Term
Recrystallization
Definition
The second stage of the annealing process in which new grains start to grow.
Term
Twin (page 288)
Definition
A mirror image misorientation of the crystal structure which is considered a surface defect.
Term
electric current
Definition
The time rate passage of a charge through material. The number of coulumbs per second that passes a point in a material.
Term
electric current density
Definition
the electric current per unit area.
Term
electrical resistance
Definition
The measure of the difficulty of electric current’s passage through a volume of material.
Term
electrical resistivity
Definition
A measure of the difficulty of electric current’s passage through a unit volume of material.
Term
electrical conductivity
Definition
A measure of the ease with which electric current passes through a unit volume of a material.
Term
electrical conductors
Definition
A material with a high electrical conductivity.
Term
electrical insulators
Definition
A material with a low electrical conductivity.
Term
semiconductors
Definition
A material whose electrical conductivity is approximately midway between the values for good conductors and insulators.
Term
valence band
Definition
The energy band containing the valence electrons.
Term
conduction band
Definition
The unfilled energy levels into which electrons can be excited to become conductive electrons.
Term
intrinsic semiconductors
Definition
A semiconducting material that is essentially pure and for which the energy gap is small enough to be surmounted by thermal excitation; current carriers are electrons in the conduction band and holes in the valence band.
Term
electrons
Definition
A negative charge carrier.
Term
holes
Definition
A positive charge carrier.
Term
extrinsic semiconductors
Definition
A semiconductor whose conduction behavior is brought about by the introduction of extra electrons or positive holes by dopant species.
Term
donor level
Definition
In the band theory, local energy levels near the conduction band.
Term
acceptor level
Definition
In the band theory, local energy levels close to the valence band.
Term
engineering stresss
Definition
Average uniaxial force divided by original cross sectional area.
Term
engineering strain
Definition
change in length of a sample divided by original length of sample
Term
modulus of elasticity
Definition
stress divided by strain
Term
yield stress
Definition
The stress at which a specific amount of strain occurs in the engineering tensile test.
Term
ultimate tensile stress
Definition
The maximum stress in the engineering stress-strain diagram.
Term
ductile fracture
Definition
A mode of fracture characterized by slow crack propagation.
Term
brittle fracture
Definition
A mode of fracture characterized by rapid crack propogation.
Term
toughness
Definition
The resistance to fracture when a material is stressed.
Term
fracture toughness
Definition
The critical value of the stress-intensity factor that causes failure.
Term
necking
Definition
decreasing in cross sectional area
Term
ductile brittle transition temperature
Definition
Observed reduced ductility and fracture resistance of a material when temperature is low.
Term
elastic deformation
Definition
If a metal deformed by a force returns to its original dimensions after the force is removed.
Term
plastic deformation
Definition
When a metal is deformed to such an extent that is cannot fully recover.
Term
specific tensile stress
Definition
The tensile stress of a material divided by its density
Term
specific tensile modulus
Definition
The tensile modulus of a material divided by its density.
Term
isostress
Definition
The composite stress produces an equal stree condition on all layers
Term
isostrain
Definition
The stress causes uniform strain on all the composite layers.
Term
Equilibrium
Definition
When no macroscopic changes take place in a system.
Term
phase
Definition
A physically homogenous and distinct portion of a material system.
Term
liquidus
Definition
The temperature at which a liquid starts to solidify under equilibrium conditions.
Term
solidus
Definition
The temperature during the solidification of an alloy at which the last of the liquid phase solidifies.
Term
eutectic reaction
Definition
a phase transformation in which all liquid phase transforms on cooling into two solid phases isothermally.
Term
eutectic temperature
Definition
The temperature at which a eutectic reaction takes place.
Term
eutectic composition
Definition
The composition of the liquid phase that reacts to form two new solid phases at eutectic temperature.
Term
eutectic point
Definition
The point determined by the eutectic composition and temperature.
Term
invariant
Definition
equilibrium phase transformations involving zero degrees of freedom.
Term
hypoeutectic
Definition
one that is to the left of the eutectic point.
Term
hypereutectic
Definition
one that is to the right of the eutectic point.
Term
Austenite
Definition
An interstitial solid solution of carbon in FCC iron. Max solubility of carbon into it is 2.0 percent.
Term
ferrite
Definition
an interstitial solid solution of carbon in BCC iron. Max solubility of carbon in it is .02percent.
Term
cementite
Definition
The intermetallic compound Fe3C. A hard and brittle substance.
Term
pearlite
Definition
A mixture of ferrite and cementite phases in parallel plates produced by the eutectoid decomposition of austentite.
Term
Eutectoid
Definition
A steel with 0.8 percent carbon
Term
hardenability
Definition
The ease of forming martensite in a steel upon quenching from the austentite condition.
Term
martensite
Definition
A supersaturated interstitial solid solution of carbon in a body centered tetragonal iron.
Term
bainite
Definition
a nonlamellar eutectoid decomposition product of austentite.
Term
Jominy test
Definition
A bar is austentized and then quenched at one end. A test for hardenability.
Term
Materials
Definition
Substances at which something is composed or made.
Term
Materials Science
Definition
A discipline that is primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties and processing of materials.
Term
Materials Engineering
Definition
A discipline that is primarily concerned with the use of fundamental and applied knowledge of materials so that they can be converted into products needed by society.
Term
Metallic materials
Definition
Inorganic materials that are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivities.
Term
Ferrous metals and alloys
Definition
Metals and alloys that contain a large percentage of iron.
Term
Nonferrous metals and alloys
Definition
Metals and alloys that do not contain iron.
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