Term
| Four Dimensions of Media Systems |
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Definition
Media Markets
Political Parallelism
Professionalization
Role of the State |
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Term
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Definition
| the strong or weak development of a mass circulation press. Production of media is either state or privately owned |
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Term
| Highly Concentrated Ownership |
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Definition
| high degree of interrelationship between state and media owners. Can be seen through subsidy, regulation, clientelist ties, partisan alliances and a tendency for media to be influenced by outside business |
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Definition
| newspapers are politicized and debate is between elites through the newspaper |
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Definition
| newspapers mediate between political elites and the ordinary citizens |
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Definition
| degree and nature of the links between media and political beliefs |
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Definition
| pluralism achieved at the level of media system as a whole, through the existence of a range of media outlets or organizations reflecting the points of view of different groups or tendencies within a society (high parallelism) |
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Definition
| Pluralism is achieved within each individual media outlet or organization. Maintain neutral (low political parallelism) |
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Definition
ideological differences among parties are less great and there is a greater acceptance of the fundamental shape of political order
This is more conductive to the development of commercialized and professional media |
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Term
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Definition
the relationships between government and strongly institutionalized groups
eg. catholic church and the government |
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Definition
| the relationship between governing bodies and individual citizens or non-institutional groups |
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Definition
this is made up of three key dimensions
Autonomy
Professional Norms
Public Service Orientation |
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Term
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Definition
strong tradition develops that broadcasting should be largely separate from political control and should be run by political professionals
(BBC) |
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Term
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Definition
| control of media by outside factors who use media to intervene in the world of politics |
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Term
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Definition
| when access to social resources is controlled by certain patrons and delivered to clients in exchange for deference and various forms of support (votes, money, etc) |
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Term
| Distinct Professional Norms |
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Definition
the existence of a set of shared norms that are distinct to the profession
eg. newsworthiness, ethnical principles, protection of sources, objectivity |
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Term
| Public Service Orientation |
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Definition
| professionals are oriented towards public service and will not only inform citizens but explain the consequences and implications of a certain event |
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Term
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Definition
| Press freedom takes precedence over social values and the media is mostly of a private sector. The state is passive and isn't expected to meddle in the media industry |
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Definition
| Take responsibility for funding television and to a significant degree also the press, the media is seen as a social institution and second as a private business. State plays a heavy role. |
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Definition
State and public broadcasting is controlled directly by the government.
- politics-over-broadcasting
- high in political parallelism |
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Term
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Definition
tradition that broadcasting should be largely separated from political control and run by broadcasting professionals
- formally autonomous
- low in political parallelism |
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Term
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Definition
public broadcasting control is divided among the political parties by the proportional representation, power sharing is prevalent
- politics-in-broadcasting
- medium in political parallelism |
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Term
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Definition
public broadcasting control is divided among the political and socially relevant groups
- politics-in-broadcasting
- meidium in political parallelism |
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Term
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Definition
| a government system that the winning party concentrates power and dominates the national cabinet |
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Definition
| this government system uses power sharing and separates power between the legislative and executive |
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Term
| Polarized Pluralist Model |
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Definition
| integration of media into party politics, weaker historical development of commercial media, and a strong role of the state. |
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Term
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Definition
| strong role of political parties to organized groups |
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Term
| Democratic Corporatist Model |
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Definition
| historical coexistence of commercial media and media tied to organized social/political groups and by a relatively active but limited role of the state |
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Term
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Definition
| formal integration of social groups into political groups where an ideology of social partnership is expressed at the national level |
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Term
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Definition
| relative dominance of market mechanisms and commercial media |
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Term
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Definition
| due to the current trend of homogenization, media has become more independent from social and political institutions |
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Term
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Definition
| commercialization seems to have tied the media world closer to commerce again |
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Term
| Criticism on the Differentiation Theory |
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Definition
| the journalistic field is not autonomous but immersed in the political field and dependent on economical and political factors. The differentiation theory is not practical to real life |
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Term
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Definition
| differences among systems are diminishing and there is a convergence towards the liberal model |
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Term
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Definition
Growth of global markets
European integration
Commerialization |
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Definition
| a term closely related to globalization but instead refers to the influence America has had on the way media markets are developed |
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Term
| Exogenous forces, Technology |
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Definition
every technological innovation eventually leads to wide ranging adaptions by individuals and social institutions. People then assume the behavior and communication procedures that are associated with the new technologies
- keep in mind that everyone uses these technologies differently |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside forces (exogenous) didn't cause the change in practices, rather internal changes in European society that are strongly connected to liberalist thinking sparked the shift |
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Term
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Definition
| shift to new technologies |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of citizens from attachments to religious and ideological faiths and the decline of institutions based on these faiths that once structured parts of European social life (Catholic Church) |
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Definition
| the sift of European media systems away from the world of politics and towards the world of commerce. This causes political parties to adapt to the new technologies and representations of commercial media (media logic) |
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Term
| Consequences of Commercialization |
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Definition
Changes the role of the journalist to provide entertainment that can be sold to a large public
contributes to homogenization by undercutting plurality of media systems
rise of critical professionalism where journalists always look for scandal
Quality and amount of political discussion has decreased
commercialization may alienate mass public from political life because of negativity |
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Term
| Trends that affect regulation of the financing of media |
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Definition
Internet
Fragmentation of audiences
Convergence
Deregulation |
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Term
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Definition
regulation is difficult because:
Beyond Scarcity: there is no longer a scarcity of frequencies, meaning there is an unlimited amount of space to post and therefore it is difficult to regulate
Death of Distance: media is coming from everywhere and there is no physical distance anymore |
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Term
| 5 reasons for failure of media regulation |
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Definition
1. Integration and ownership concentration
2. The state promotes media concentration
3. Insufficient legislation
4. The EU welcomes powerful media companies
5. EU commission is not willing to protect media pluralism |
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Term
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Definition
when private actors together with the state co-ordinate the formulation of a specific policy. they reach this agreement on a set of standards that regulate the entire system.
-regulation is discussed with relevant civil society organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| when media actors and industry associations are left to themselves to decide and propose their own internal regulations. Media companies are motivated to regulate themselves in order to avoid mandatory state regulation |
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Term
| Institutionalized Self Regulation |
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Definition
the existence of regulating bodies
eg. press councils |
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Term
| Non-Institutionalized Self Regulation |
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Definition
| practices put in forth to regulate eg. roberts rules of order |
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Term
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Definition
| sensitize us to variation and to similarity, and this can contribute powerfully to concept formation and to the refinement of our conceptual apparatus |
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Term
| Main factors stimulating globalization |
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Definition
1) International travel (has become cheaper)
2) Communication technology (facilitate international communication + foreign content)
3) Audience curiosity (Acceleration of consumerism but taste has to be acquired)
4) Global media conglomerates |
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Term
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Definition
Organized pluralist systems are organized by a strongly institutionalized social groups representing different segments of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| formal integration of social groups into the political |
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Term
| Participatory media governance |
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Definition
| media policy should not only include consultation of civil society groups, but their full participation. Keeps the state outside governance agreements |
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