Term
| basic building block of matter |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleus contains ______ (+) and ______ (no charge) _________ (-) orbit the nucleus |
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Definition
-protons
-neutrons
-electrons |
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Term
| A ________ is a group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons (bonds). |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Coke sink and Diet Coke doesnt? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water is a ______ molecule; |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a dipolar molecule? |
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Definition
| Oxygen end is negatively charged, hydrogen end is positively charged |
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Term
| Hydrogen bonding at the surface of water creates a high ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Water on Earth exists in 3 physical states: |
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Definition
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Term
| As water cools, its density____ |
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Definition
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Term
The
maximum density of water occurs at _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Bodies of water freeze from ____________ |
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Definition
| the top down, not bottom up. |
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Term
| density differences in water can form stable layers within the water column, leading to________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is related to the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of a substance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water has a very _________ heat capacity |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does life exist on earth and not Mars? |
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Definition
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Term
| Water is an excellent solvent of _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the dissolving of the solid material composing rocks and sediments, which accumulate and are carried by rivers to the ocean, where they contribute to its saltiness |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ easily dissolves compounds with ionic bounds |
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Definition
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Term
| ________contains dissolved forms of all 92 elements |
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Definition
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Term
| _________is a measure of the total amount of salts in water |
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Definition
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Term
| Water with more salt has....(3 things) |
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Definition
1. Higher salinity
2. Greater ability to conduct electricity
3. Higher density |
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Term
| __________a device that converts the amount of light refraction into salinity units |
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Definition
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Term
| __________is a measure of how tightly the molecules of a substance are packed in a given amount of space |
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Definition
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Term
| Gases dissolve more readily in ______ water |
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Definition
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Term
| An _____ is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ is a substance that combines with a hydrogen ion in solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| A solution containing a base is called an ________solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| Normally, seawater has a pH of about ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Example of Low pH:
Example of middle pH:
Example of high pH: |
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Definition
-lemon juice
-water, blood
-oven cleaner |
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Term
| Sunlight does not travel well in the ocean because_________ |
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Definition
| scattering and absorption weaken light |
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Term
| ___________ occurs when light is bounced between air and water molecules, dust and other objects such as organisms suspended in the water column. |
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Definition
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Term
_____________occurs when light␣s electromagnetic energy is converted to heat in the
molecules of seawater and objects suspended in the water column. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ travels up to 5 times faster in water than in air |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the bending of waves, which occurs when waves travel from one medium to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is a ratio that expresses how much a wave ray (like light or sound) is refracted from one medium to another. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _________sound waves travel at minimum speed |
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Definition
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Term
| What animal takes advantage of the sofar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Near the equator, sunlight intensity per unit area is higher in near the equator because the “___ ___________”is greater. |
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Definition
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Term
| Seasonal changes occur because______ |
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Definition
| the angle of the earth changes with respect to the direction of the suns incoming rays, delivering more heat to the Northern hemisphere in the summer and less in the winter.! |
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Term
Heat gained at low latitudes is_____
This heat is transferred by _______ |
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Definition
-balanced by heat lost at poles
-atmospheric circulation |
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Term
| The movement of ____ air towards the poles is balanced by the return of ____ air back to the equator. |
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Definition
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Term
| The equation for conservation of angular momentum is that____ |
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Definition
| (mass * radius * velocity) remains constant |
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Term
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Definition
| deflects moving objects clockwise in the Northern hemisphere, and counter-clockwise in the Southern hemisphere |
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Term
| Cyclones form when cool air is ________ |
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Definition
| -heated as it travels across warm ocean waters |
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Term
| Cyclones form in _______________ |
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Definition
| Warm waters near the tropics |
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Term
| Ocean circulation occurs via 2 types: |
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Definition
1. surface currents
2. deep water masses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Forces that drive surface currents: |
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Definition
| winds & Coriolis , gravity, solar heating |
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Term
| _____ generate surface currents |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ circulation of great ocean basins |
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Definition
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Term
| The Coriolis force leads to _________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coastal upwelling and downwelling |
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Term
| As surface waters move away from the coast __________ |
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Definition
| cold deep waters are brought to the surface |
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Term
Wind- generated waves:
-Height (H) - distance between the _________ and _________
-Wavelength (L) - distance between 2 successive ________ or _________ |
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Definition
-crest and trough
- crest and troughs |
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Term
| Waves move by ____________ |
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Definition
| the transmission of energy by cyclic movement through matter. |
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Term
| Wave motion is NOT ________________, but is a flow of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common type of wave at the sea surface |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________travel where the water depth (d) is greater than L/2. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________occur where the water depth (d) is < 1/20 of the wavelength (L). |
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Definition
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Term
| _________are the the smallest waves formed at the lowest wind speeds. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________are the next stage of waves formed by increasing wind speeds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Waves that travel long distances from the storm are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| __________are waves that move toward the ocean margin and away from the wind source. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______curling crest that moves over an air pocket |
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Definition
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Term
| _________more common type of breaker on gentle slope beaches |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the bending of a wave front |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ form when 2 or more waves collide |
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Definition
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Term
| _________waves are in-phase and add crest to crest and trough to trough (waves get bigger!) |
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Definition
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Term
| __________waves are added crest to trough (waves get smaller) |
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Definition
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Term
| ________waves, a combination of constructive and destructive (most common) |
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Definition
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Term
| Storm surges form due to _________ |
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Definition
| low atmospheric pressure at the center of storms |
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Term
| Tsunamis increase __________, leading to pressure differences monitored on the seafloor. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ are the periodic raising and lowering of average sea level that occurs throughout the oceans of the world. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________= thousands of kms (half the earth␣s circumference). |
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Definition
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Term
It is the_____________that pulls water
on the earth towards those bodies, thus creating tides on earth. |
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Definition
| Gravitational pull of the moon and the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance between the two objects |
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Term
| _________tethers the sun, the planets and their moons together |
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Definition
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Term
| the tendency of a moving body to continue in a straight line |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________must balance the centrifugal force to keep a planet in orbit. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ forces are balanced by the ___________ force |
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Definition
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Term
| The inward pull of gravity and the outward pull of inertia don␣t always _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________are the crests of planet-sized waves that cause high tides. |
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Definition
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Term
| Since the Earth rotates once every 24 hours, the period between high tides (tidal period) should _______ hours |
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Definition
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Term
| Tides depend on the _______ day |
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Definition
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Term
| A lunar day is _______ longer than a solar day because ______ |
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Definition
- 50 minutes
- Earth must rotate another 50 minutes to ␣catch up␣ to the Moon. |
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Term
| The consequential effect of a lunar day can be observed:(2 ways) |
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Definition
• Alternating high tides are 50 min later each day.
• Moon rises 50 minutes later each night. |
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Term
| the sun's influence is______than the Moon because despite its much greater mass, it is 390 times _____ from earth than the moon. |
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Definition
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Term
| The moon goes through all its phases every _____ days (_____) |
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Definition
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Term
| Results in destructive interference: |
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Definition
tidal range is minimal and produces
neap tides |
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Term
| The positions of the Sun, Moon and Earth are in line during _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The positions of the Moon are at right angles to the Earth and Sun during _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| __________tides occur twice in a lunar day (= every 12 hr and 25 min) |
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Definition
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Term
| _________tides occur once each lunar day (= every 24 hr and 50 min) |
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Definition
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Term
| _________tides describe a tidal pattern of significantly different heights through the cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| __________are nodes at the center of ocean basins; these are no-tide points and are from where tides radiate |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ A wall of water that moves up low lying rivers due to an incoming tide |
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Definition
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Term
| ________shore = above high tide shoreline, covered only during storms |
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Definition
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Term
| _____shore = intertidal or littoral; exposed at low tide |
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Definition
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Term
| _______= migrates back and forth with the tide and is the water␣s edge |
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Definition
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Term
| ________shore = extends seaward from low-tide shoreline to low-tide breaker line; never exposed to atmosphere, is affected by waves (feel bottom here) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______shore = deep water, waves don␣t feel bottom |
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Definition
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Term
| _______dry, gently sloping region at the foot of the cliffs or dune |
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Definition
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Term
_________wet, sloping surface; extends from berm to shoreline
(varies from dry to wet depending how close to shoreline) |
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Definition
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Term
| ________sand bar that runs parallel to coast; can trip waves as they approach shore causing them to break |
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Definition
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Term
| __________= separates longshore bar from beach (great place to cast your fishing line) |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ water carries ________ sediments |
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Definition
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Term
| Beaches composed of _______ material (rocks) tend to be more steep than those composed of __________. |
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Definition
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Term
_________=linear ridge of sediment extends alongshore from land to
deeper water; end usually curves inland |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ = cuts bay off from ocean; occurs if tidal currents and/or river runoff are not strong enough to keep mouth open |
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Definition
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Term
| _________= sand ridge that connects an island or sea stack to mainland, or that connects two islands. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________extensive offshore deposits of sand lying parallel to the coast; may have developed during rise in sea level that began during melting of glaciers 18,000 years ago |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ type shores typically have steep cliffs and are in areas where tectonic uplift of the coast occurs, e.g. US Pacific coast |
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Definition
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Term
| The US Southeast and Gulf Coasts are primarily _____________ with sandy beaches and barrier islands BUT erosion (from storms) can still be a problem. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______________________ moves sand along the coast |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is the movement of sediment by the above process |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a thin sheet of water that moves up the exposed beach ________, with its sediment load, is pulled back to the sea due to gravity |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________are narrow, fast currents that move directly offshore and are produced by the backwash from the longshore current |
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Definition
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Term
| __________shorelines are moving above sea level due to an uplift of the continent, a lowering of sea level, or both. These shorelines may display stranded beach deposits or marine terraces. Pacific Coast of the US is an emerging shoreline. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ shorelines are sinking below sea level due to subsidence of the continent, an increase in sea level, or both. May have drowned beaches and submerged dune topography (see below). Atlantic coast is a submerging shoreline. |
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Definition
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Term
________are changes caused by an increase or
decrease in seawater volume or ocean basin capacity; occur on a global scale |
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Definition
| ␣Eustatic␣ Changes in Sea Level |
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Term
| _________a partially enclosed body of coastal water where salty ocean water is diluted by water from land runoff |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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