Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three points of the Cell Theory? |
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Definition
1. All living things are made of one
or more cells
2. All living things carry out life
processes & maintain homeostasis
3. New cells come from preexisting cells |
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Term
| What are the two types of cells and what are the differences? |
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Definition
Prokaryotes
1. No nucleus
2. No organelles
3. 1-10 micrometers
4. E.g. bacteria
Eukaryotes
1. Nucleus
2. Organelles
3. 10-100 micrometers
4. More complex than prokaryotic cells
E.g. plants, animals, protists & fungi |
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Term
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Definition
1. Where they believe eukaryotic cells
came from.
2. One prokaryotic cell engulfed
another prokaryotic cell
A. This is called endosymbiosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. bodies are made up of cells
2. cells do all the work of life! |
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Term
| What 8 jobs do cells have to do for an organism to live? |
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Definition
1. Gas exchange (breathe)
2. eat
3. make energy ATP
4. build molecules
5. remove wastes
6. control internal conditions
homeostasis
7. respond to external environment
8. build more cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. make energy
2. make proteins
3. make more cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. Special structures inside cells
2. Organelles do the work of cells |
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Term
| Cell membrane's function (3) |
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Definition
1. separates cell from outside
2. controls what enters or leaves cell
3. recognizes signals from other cells
to communicate with other cells |
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Term
| Cell membrane's structure |
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Definition
1. double layer of fat
2. receptor molecules (protein)
[image] |
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Term
| Cell Wall Function and Structure |
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Definition
Function
1. Provides protection & shape
2. Found in bacteria, plant & fungus
cells
Structure
1. Rigid layer found outside the cell
membrane
2. Openings allow material to pass
through |
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Term
| Vacuoles & vesicles function (2) and structure (1) |
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Definition
Function
1. storage
2. moving material around cell
Structure
1. membrane sac |
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Term
| Lysosomes Function and Structure |
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Definition
Function
1. digest food
2. clean up & recycle
Structure
membrane sac of digestive enzymes |
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Term
| Mitochondria function and structure |
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Definition
Function
1. make ATP energy from cellular
respiration
structure
1. double membrane |
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Term
| Chloroplasts function and structure |
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Definition
function
1. make sugar using photosynthesis
2. sunlight+ water +CO2 sugar+ O2
3. sunlight used to make ATP
4. ATP used to make sugar
structure
1. double membrane
2. contain chlorophyll |
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Term
| What are the two ways that plants make energy? |
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Definition
1. Mitochondria
a. make energy from sugar + O2
b. cellular respiration
2. Chloroplasts
a. make energy + sugar from
sunlight + CO2 + water
b. photosynthesis |
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Term
| What are the workers in the cell? |
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Definition
proteins
proteins do all the work |
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Term
| What are 4 jobs that proteins do in the cell? |
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Definition
1. structural
2. enzymes
3. signals
4. receptors |
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Term
| Nucleus function and structure |
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Definition
function
1. control center of cell
2. protects DNA
structure
1. nuclear membrane
2. nucleolus (ribosome factory)
3. chromosomes (DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| instructions for building proteins |
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Term
| Ribosomes function and structure |
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Definition
Function
1. protein factories
2. read instructions to build proteins
from DNA
Structure
1. some free in cytoplasm
2. some attached to ER |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum function and structure |
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Definition
Function
1. works on proteins
2. helps complete the proteins after
ribosome builds them
3. makes membranes
Structure
1. rough ER
a. ribosomes attached
b. works on proteins
2. smooth ER
a. makes membranes |
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Term
| Golgi Apparatus function and structure |
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Definition
Function
1. finishes, sorts, labels & ships
proteins
2. ships proteins in vesicles
Structure
1. flattened membrane sacs |
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Term
| Cytoskeleton function and structure |
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Definition
Function
1. maintain cell shape
2. movement
Structure
1. protein filaments
2. microfilaments
3. microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
Function
1. movement
Structure
1. short hair-like structures covering
entire cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
Function
1. movement
Structure
1. long hair-like structures extending
from one or both ends of the cell |
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Term
| Which organelles make more cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Function
1. help coordinate cell division
2. only in animal cells
Structure
one cylindrical pair in each cell |
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Term
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Definition
1. One cell performs all the life
processes and lives as an individual
2. E.g. bacteria, protozoa, some algae,
some fungi |
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Term
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Definition
1. Few to many cells that live
together, but function as individuals
2. E.g. Volvox |
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Term
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Definition
1. Hundreds to billions of cells
2. Cells specialized
3. Cannot function as independent
single cell organisms |
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Term
| What are the levels of Organization In Multicellular Organisms? |
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Definition
1. cell
2. tissue
3. organ
4. organ system
5. organism |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cell membrane controls what gets in
or out
2. only some material can get in or out |
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Term
| What molecules can get through the cell membrane directly? |
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Definition
| fats and oils can pass directly through |
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Term
| What are Cell membrane channels? |
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Definition
1.Need to make “doors” through membrane
2. protein channels allow substances
in & out
3. specific channels allow specific
material in & out |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules move from HIGH to LOW concentration |
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Term
| passive transport and simple diffusion |
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Definition
1. no energy needed
2. goal is to reach equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Move from HIGH to LOW through a channel |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cells may need molecules to move
against concentration “hill”
2. requires energy |
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Term
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Definition
1. move from LOW to HIGH using protein
2. uses energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Vesicle moves substance out of cell |
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Term
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Definition
Vesicle moves substance into cell
a. Phagocytosis
1. “cellular eating” |
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Term
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Definition
Pinocytosis
1. “cellular drinking”
2. Liquid taken into cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why are we multicellular and not one giant cell? |
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Definition
1. Large cells can’t effectively
transport
2. A bunch of small cells can occupy
the same space as a large cell AND
transport materials effectively |
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Term
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Definition
1. diffusion of water from HIGH
concentration of water to LOW
concentration of water through a
semipermiable membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
1. high concentration of water around
cell
a. cell gains water |
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Term
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Definition
1. low concentration of water around
cell
2. cell loses water |
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Term
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Definition
1. no difference in concentration of
water between cell & environment
2. cell in equilibrium, no net water
movement |
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Term
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Definition
| How much larger the image appears |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Light microscope that uses two lenses to magnify an image
Used to view live specimen
Objects appear backwards and upside down
Magnification: 10 – 1000x |
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Term
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Definition
Light microscope used to view the external or surface of a specimen
Used in dissections
Objects appear right side up and normal
No special slides or mounts
Magnification: 6 – 50x |
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Term
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Definition
uses a beam of electrons instead of light to view an organism
Specimen must be dead
Magnification: more than 250,000x |
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Term
| Rules of focusing the microscope |
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Definition
1. always start with the lowest
magnification and work up to a
higher magnification
2. Place the slide on the stage, find
your specimen on the slide & clip it
to secure.
3. Adjust the diaphragm to the proper
amount of light.
4. Lower the objective using the coarse
adjustment knob.
5. Bring the specimen into focus using
the fine adjustment knob.
6. Change to a higher power objective.
7. Refocus using fine adjustment
8. When finished return everything back
to lowest positions |
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