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Mr. Freeman's Exam Review
Madison Middle School
87
Science
8th Grade
05/18/2010

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

What are the four states of matter?

 

Definition

Solid, liquid, gas, plasma

 

Term

 

  The state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is called …

 

Definition

liquid

 

Term

 

 The state of matter that has definite volume and definite shape…

 

Definition

solid

 

Term

 

  The state of matter that has no definite volume or shape is called…

 

Definition
  1. gas

 

Term

 

  The state of matter that forms when enough heat is added to a gas is called…

 

Definition

plasma

 

Term
Define physical change and give two examples
Definition

Physical change: A change of matter from one form to another without changing its chemical properties

                  Ex: change in the states of matter; like a solid to a liquid. Also cutting                                your hair

 

Term

 

  Define chemical change and give two examples.

 

Definition

Chemical change: A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties.

      Ex: burning wood, digestion

 

Term

 

   The change of state from a liquid to a gas is called…

 

Definition

Evaporation

 

Term

 

  Define evaporation

 

Definition

The change of state from a liquid to a gas.

 

Term

 

  Why are the particles of matter always moving?

 

Definition

Because they have energy

 

Term

 

 

 Describe the energy and movement of the particles of a solid.

 

 

Definition

Solid: the particles of a solid are close together and have little energy.

 

 

Term

 

  Describe the energy and movement of the particles of a liquid.

 

Definition

Liquid: The particles of a liquid are farther apart and have more energy.

Term

Describe the energy and movement of the particles of a gas.

Definition

Gas: The particles of a gas are very far apart and have high energy.

Term

 List the physical properties mentioned in Chapter 3.

Definition

  Mass, weight, volume, density, malleable, conductive, have boiling, freezing and melting points.

Term

1.   List the chemical properties mentioned in Chapter 3.

Definition

14.                     Reactivity and flammability

Term

 

1.   Define density.

 

Definition

 

14.                     Density: Mass of an object per unit volume; D = m/V 

 

Term

 

1.   Define mass.

 

Definition

 

14.                     Mass: Amount of matter in an object.

 

Term

 

1.   Define volume.

 

Definition

 

 

14.                     Volume: Amount of space that matter occupies

 

 

Term

1.   Define weight.

Definition

14.                     Weight: Measure of the force of gravity on an object

Term

 

1.   Draw Thompson’s atomic model. What do the raised surfaces represent? 

 

Definition
Electrons.
Term
Draw an atom, include its particles and label its parts.
Definition

Fig. 2  pg. 113

Label it!

 

Term

1.   Define atom.

Definition

14.                     Atom: smallest particle of an element that can be divided

Term

1.   List the three particles of the atom; give their location in the atom and their charges.

Definition

14.                     Proton: positive charge located in the nucleus; Neutron: no charge located in the nucleus; electron: negative charge located outside nucleus in electron cloud

Term

 

1.   Which atomic particle has the smallest mass?

 

Definition

 

14.                     Electron

 

Term

1.   The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the _________ ______.

Definition

14.                     Atomic number

Term

1.   What is an atomic mass unit (AMU)?

Definition

14.                     Atomic mass unit (AMU): A unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom.

Term

1.   Define atomic mass

Definition

14.                     Atomic mass: The mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units.

Term

1.   The mass number can be found by adding what two particles?

Definition

14.                     Mass number equals the sum of the protons and the neutrons

Term
What makes an atom become an isotope?
Definition

14.                     An atom becomes an isotope when it loses or gains a neutron

Term

1.   What element makes up about 20% of the air that we breathe?

Definition

14.                     Oxygen makes up 20% of the air we breathe.

Term

1.   The properties of metals include: __________

Definition

14.                     Properties of metals: ductile, malleable, shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity.

Term

1.   The properties of alkali metals are: ________________________

Definition

14.                     Properties of alkali metals include: very reactive

Term
The combination of all forces is called __________.
Definition

 

14.                     The combination of all forces is called net force.

 

Term

1.   When are forces acting on an object become balanced? 

Definition

14.                     There is a net force zero.

Term

1.   Define inertia

Definition

14.                     Inertia: tendency for all objects to stay in motion

Term

1.   Define acceleration

Definition

14.                     Acceleration: Change in velocity over time; v/t

Term

1.   Define motion

Definition

14.                     Motion: An object’s change in position relative to a reference point.

Term

1.   Define force

Definition

14.                     Force: A push of pull exerted on an object

Term

1.   Define friction

Definition

14.                     Friction: A force that opposes motion

Term

1.   Define speed

Definition

14.                     Speed: Distance traveled over time: d/t

Term

 

1.   Define velocity

 

Definition

 

14.                     Velocity: quantity that describes an objects speed and direction

 

Term

1.   Define gravity 

Definition

  1. Gravity: The amount of force exerted on an object

Term
What is Newton’s first law of motion?
Definition

 

  1. Newton’s First Law: (Inertia) An object at rest will stay at rest until an opposite force acts upon it

 

Term

 

1.   What is Newton’s second law of motion?

 

Definition

14.                     Newton’s Second Law: Acceleration is caused by force acting on a mass.

 

Term

1.   What is Newton’s third law of motion?

Definition

14.                     Newton’s Third law: For a force on an object there will be an Equal and opposite force.

Term

1.   If two forces act on an object, one with the magnitude of 25 N directed north, and with a magnitude of 16 directed south, the object experiences a net force of _______.

Definition

14.                     25N – 16N = 9N

Term
What is the formula for acceleration?
Definition

14.                     a = F/m

Term

1.   If a book weighs 5.0 N and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s2, use Newton’s second law of motion to determine the mass of the book in kilograms. Use the previous formula.

Definition

14.                     F=5.0N, a=9.8m/s2  m =F/a  m = 5.0/9.8=0.51 kg

Term

1.   Most energy is lost as ________.

Definition

14.                     Most energy is lost as heat

Term

 

1.   Turn to page 323 in your science book. What happens to the temperature as the ice is melting. What happens to the energy as the ice is melting?

 

Definition

 

14.                     Look at pg. 323 in your book. Temperature stays the same but the ice melts because energy is increasing.

 

Term

1.   Which state of water has the lowest kinetic energy?

 

Definition

14.                     Ice has the lowest kinetic energy out of all the states of water.

Term

1.   Waves are classified as ________________ and ______________

Definition

14.                     Waves are classified as transverse and longitudinal.

Term

1.   Transverse and longitudinal waves combine to form _______________ waves.

Definition

14.                     Transverse and longitudinal waves combine to form surface waves.

Term

1.   Define amplitude, wavelength and frequency.

Definition

14.                     Amplitude: the maximum distance that the particles of a wave medium vibrate from their rest position.

Term

 

1.   Define transverse waves and surface waves.

 

Definition

 

14.                     Transverse waves: Waves in which the particles vibrate in an up-and- down motion.

   

Surface waves: a combination of transverse and longitudinal waves.

 

Term

1.   Define wave speed.

Definition

14.                     Wave speed: The speed at which a wave travels through a medium.

Term

1.   Define crest

Definition

14.                     Crest: The highest point of the wave.

Term

 

1.   Define medium.

 

Definition
Medium: A material through which waves can travel.
Term

 

1.   What are the properties of waves?

 

Definition

14.                     The properties of waves are amplitude, wavelength, frequency and wave speed.

Term

1.   What is the amplitude of a wave related to?

Definition

14.                     The amplitude of a wave is related to height.

Term

1.   What is the wavelength of a wave related to?

Definition

14.                     The wavelength of a wave is related to distance.

Term

1.   At what rate do tectonic plates move along the Earth’s surface?

Definition

14.                     Tectonic plates move a few millimeters to centimeters per year.

Term

1.   What causes earthquakes?

Definition

14.                     The movement of tectonic plates release vibrations that travel through the ground.

Term

1.   How do surface ocean currents affect global temperatures?

Definition

14.                     They move thermal energy from the midlatitudes to the equator.

Term

1.   List the steps of the carbon cycle.

Definition

14.                     The carbon cycle consists of photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and decomposition.

Term

1.   During the nitrogen cycle, bacteria in the soil changes __________ into a form plants can use.

Definition

14.                     During the nitrogen cycle, bacteria in the soil changes nitrogen into a form plants can use

Term

1.   Name the two main gases that make up our atmosphere.

Definition

14.                     The two main gases that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)

Term

1.   What results from the green house effect?

Definition

14.                     The greenhouse effect is when the greenhouse gases are trapped in the atmosphere and heats up the Earth.

Term

1.   Define conduction

Definition

14.                     See page pages 414-415. Conduction: The transfer of heat energy as heat through a material.

Term

1.   Define convection

Definition

14.                     Convection: The transfer of thermal energy by circulation of a liquid or gas.

Term

 

1.   Define radiation

 

Definition

 

14.                     Radiation: The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves.

 

Term

1.   Each parent gives one set of these to the offspring.

Definition

14.                     Each parent gives one set of genes to the offspring

Term

1.   What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

Definition

14.                     An advantage of sexual reproduction: genetic variation.

Term

1.   A plant with two dominant OR two recessive alleles is said to be _______________>

Definition

14.                     A plant with two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to be homozygous.

Term

1.   In meiosis the chromosomes are copied __________ and the nucleus divides ____________.

Definition

14.                      In meiosis the chromosomes are copied once and the nucleus divides twice.

Term

1.   The process in which cells divide in asexual reproduction is called________  ____________.

Definition

14.                     The process in which cells divide in mitosis is called asexual reproduction.

Term

1.   How do body cells reproduce?

Definition

14.                     Body cells reproduce through asexual reproduction

Term

1.   Besides heredity, what else can influence traits?

Definition

14.                     Besides heredity, the environment can have an influence on traits.

Term

1.   What are homologous chromosomes?

Definition

14.                     Homologous chromosomes: Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes.

Term

1.   What is heredity?

Definition

14.                     Heredity: Traits passing from parents to offspring.

Term

1.   What is a phenotype?

Definition
Term

1.   What is a genotype?

Definition

14.                     Genotype: The genetic make-up of an organism.

Term

1.   Define incomplete dominance

Definition

14.                     Incomplete dominance: a situation when one trait is not completely dominant over another

Term

1.   Define probability.

Definition

14.                     Probability: the mathematical chance that something will happen

Term

1.   Draw Punnett square and show the cross between PP X Pp?

Definition

14.                     A Punnett Square: Copy figure 3 on page 576. Pp x Pp

Term

1.   If purple P is dominant and white p is recessive, what color will one out of four of the offspring be?

Definition

14.                     One out of four flowers will be white

Term

1.   What is the probability that the offspring’s genotype will be pp?

Definition

14.                     There is a 25% chance that the offspring will be There is a 50% chance that the offspring will have the same genotype as their parents.

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