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Movement Science 2
Test 2
57
Science
Graduate
03/19/2012

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Cards

Term
Define motor control
Definition
process by which motor behavior is organized, produced and modulated
Term
define motor development
Definition
process of age related change in a motor behavior
Term
define motor learning
Definition
process of acquiring ( and re-acquiring) the capacity for skilled action
Term
define motor recovery
Definition
the requisition of a movement skill lost through injury
Term
What are the timescales of interest for MC, ML, and MD?
Definition

MC - miliseconds, seconds

ML - hours, days, weeks

MD -  months, years, decades

Term
4 basic elements of Schmidt's definition of motor learning
Definition

1. Motor learning is a process of acquiring a capacity for skilled action (solving problems related to performing tasks in complex environments)

2. Learning is dependent on practice or experience (power law of practice says early in practice improvements are faster while later in practice improvements are slower) Practice is more than repetition!

3. Learning cannot be measured directly - we observe learning through behavior

4. Learning results in relatively permanent changes in behavior.

Term
define motor performance
Definition

observable behavior that is attributable (in part) to learning

 

remember that behavior is also in part attricutable to "state" variables, i.e. emotion, fatigue, motivation, etc

Term
differences between performance and learning
Definition

Performance is an observable behavior, sensitive to "state", and variable

Learning is an internal mental process observed through repeated performances and under different circumstances, and is relatively permanent

Term
briefly describe adam's theory
Definition

Proposed a closed loop control system that uses sensory feedback to control mov't during the mov't.

He recognized that 2 memory states are needed to detect errors

- one to produce mov't

- one to evaluate mov't

Term
define differences b/w discrete, serial, and continuous skills
Definition

discrete: well defined beginning and end, usually or brief duration

serial: a series of discrete skills that follow in a specific sequence - take somewhat longer to perform

continuous: often repetetive or rhythmic, w/o specific beginning or end. continue until a goal is accomplished

Term
define differences between closed and open skills
Definition

closed: performed in a stable/predictable environment, therefore can be planned in advance

open: performed in a changing/unpredictable environment; therefore must be adapted to dynamic change in the environment

Term
describe implicit learning
Definition

improving performance w/o awareness of components that are changing

-allows attention to be used to address the environmental demands related to the task...instead of motor parameters such as force or timing

Term
what are cybernetics?
Definition
cybernetics is the study of control systems, typically involving regulatory feedback in living organisms, machines, and organizations
Term
in the realm of information processing and physical therpay, describe what is meant by hardware vs software
Definition

Hardware - anatomical structures

Software - physiologic processes

Term
what are the three stages of IP prior to a response?
Definition

1. stimulus identification

2. response selection

3. response programming

Term
what is reaction time?
Definition

interval between presentation of an unanticipated stimulus and the start of a response

it is an interval when decisions are made that lead to an action

Begins when stimulus is detected and ends when action begins

Term
briefly describe memory drum theory and who was the inventor?
Definition

Franklin Henry - father of motor learning

 

Memory drum theory states that reaction times for complex movement tasks were longer than reaction times associated with simple movements

He proposed that the "instryctions" for the complex movement are stored in memory and it takes longer to be "drawn out" than simpler movements

This is now called a "Motor Program"

Term
who was the inventor of the closed loop theory of motor learning?
Definition
Adams
Term
What is perceptual trace?
Definition

Repeated trials of a movement result in a formation of a memory structure called "perceptual trace"

Perceptual trace is based on feedback that is compared to a "reference of correctness"

The learner works to keep the difference between feedbacl and perceptual trace at a minimum

Knowledge of results can strengthen the perceptual trace

Term
what are the four items of Schmidt's schema theory?
Definition

1. initial movement conditions (body position, weight of object)

2. paramters used in the generalized motor program (force, muscle activation)

3. knowledge of results

4. sensory consequences of how it felt/looked

Term
What are the 2 memory structures of schmidt's schema theory?
Definition

1. Recall Schema - the relationship b/w parameters assigned to a motor program and the outcome it produces (responsible for movement evaluation)

2. Recognition schema - relationship between initial conditions, outcomes, and sensory consequences (responsible for production of movement)

Term
name some types of learning defined by types of memory
Definition

- nondeclarative or implicit

- declarative or explicit

Term
briefly describe explicit-declarative memory
Definition

Memory for facts and events

- medial temporal lobes

- sensory association ctx

- hippocampus

Term
briefly describe non-declaritive/implicit learning
Definition

non-associative learning

- habituation (decrease in responsiveness due to repeated exposure to a stimulus)

- sensitization (increased responsiveness following a noxious stimulus)

 

Term
when does neuroplasticity occur?
Definition

- neurodevelopment (childhood)

- learning (motor learning) (adult)

- recovery after injury (brain injury)

Term
according to Basso (1998) what are three changes for neuroplasticity?
Definition

1. Physiological (nerve threshold, conduction velocity, synaptic efficiency)

2. anatomical morphology (changes in structure, connectivity, increases in dendritic branching, dendritic spine density)

3. behavior (learning or recovery of function)

Term
what are the three stages of genesis of neurons?
Definition

cell proliferation

cell migration

cell differentiation

Term
four stages of genesis of connenctions in neuroplasticity?
Definition

axonal growth

dendrite arbor formation

neurotransmitter synthesis

synaptogenesis

Term
what is the determining factor for LTD versus LTP?
Definition

Ca++ entry and NMDA trigger both LTD and LTP

 

The key is the level of activation of NMDA receptors

Term
Differences Between Developmental and Adult Plasticity
Definition

 

Development- global and dramatic changes

 

Changes in projections and connectivity

 

Structural changes

 

Rapid changes at critical periods

 

Adult – changes in synaptic strength

 

Slower changes including

 

cell death

 

dendrite aborization

 

Synaptic rearrangement

 

Term
what are some important requirements of learning?
Definition

timing of pairing stimulus or experience

frequency of pairing stimulus or experience

number of times of pairing or experience

importance of the experience

- reward

- threat

- emotion

Term
define modeling
Definition
demonstration of a skill to a learner
Term
define observational learning
Definition
acquiring the capacity to perform by observing the performances of others
Term
do you have to be highly skilled to demonstrate a movement?
Definition
No, but you should be able to perform an essential feature of the skill that is being learned
Term
when is assistive guidance indicated?
Definition
during early stages of learning to get the idea of task, or when performer is fearful or performance is risky
Term
when should assistance be provided (in general)?
Definition

- safety

- allay fears

- help get the feel of a mov't in early stages

Term
what is part practice?
Definition
for a complex skill with multiple movements, break down task into component parts, practice components individually, and then put the task back together
Term
what type of skill is part practice best for?
Definition

best for serial skills (a series of discrete tasks)

particularly for those where one segment doen't affect the rest

(not effective with continuous skills)

(not effective for rapid discrete skills)

Term
describe difference of mass versus distributed practice
Definition

mass  -practicing without rest intervals (time spent practicing > time spent resting)

 

distributed - practicing with  rest intervals (time spent practicing < or equal to amout of time spent resting)

Term
difference between constant and variable practice
Definition

constant - no inter-trial variability (same mov't pattern, same reg and nonreg conditions)

 

variable - movt pattern changes; environmental (reg and nonreg conditions changing)

Term
what is blocked practice
Definition
repeated trials of one task, followed by repeated trials of a seconds task, followed by repeated trials of a third task, and so forth
Term
what is random practice?
Definition

performing different tasks on each successive practice trial in a random order

 

better for learning than blocked practice!

Term
what is the elaboration hypothesis?
Definition
random practice is better because when switching from one task to another, learner discovers the distinctiveness of each task, which produces more distinctive and lasting long term memories of the task
Term
what has more contextual interference - blocked or random learning?
Definition
random
Term
what are the 3 important concepts for learning?
Definition

1. individual needs to understand the task requirements (intruction)

2. individual needs sufficient practice

3. individual needs to be challenged

Term
3 stages of learning in fitt and Posner's theory
Definition
cognitive, associative, autonomous
Term
define attention
Definition
selective conscious focus on one thing while ignoring other things (also takes into account the notion of capacity to process information)
Term
what are the steps to explicit learning?
Definition

- encoding

- consolidation (neural plasticity)

- storage (LTM)

- retrieval (recall)

 

Term
define the dimensions of attention
Definition

1. focus - selective att'n to appropriate stimuli

2. shift - appropriate flexibility in response to new information (more important info takes precedence)

3. sustain - ability to maintain attention to task

4. encode - ability to manipulate material into working STM and process it into LTM

Term
what are the five levels of recovery?
Definition

1 - focused attn

2. - sustained attn

3. - selective attn (freedom from distractibility)

4. - alternating attn

5. - divided attn (highest lvl of attn - ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or multiple task demands.

 

Term
define memory
Definition
the ability to process, store, and retrieve information
Term

name the most popular theories by the following people:

A. Franklin Henry

B. Adams

C. Schmidt

Definition

A. Memory Drum

B. Closed loop theory (memory and perceptual traces)

C. Recall and recognition schema

Term
what is explicit learning?
Definition

aka declarative learning

- developing memory of factual knowledge

 

Term
what is implicit learning?
Definition

aka procedural learning

- improved performance is assumed to reflect the acquisition of knowledge about a task

 

Skill is acquired through physical practice but w/o conscious awareness.

Term
bandwidth feedback
Definition
set criteria for performance with some level of error, then provide feedback when outside of criteria range
Term
2 types of augmented feedback?
Definition

Knowledge of results  - terminal feedback about outcome of the movement in relationship to the movement's goal

Knowledge of performance - feedback relating to the movement pattern to acheive the goal (may be beneficial to an expert learner)

Most research has been done on the efficacy of KR

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