Term
| Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome |
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Definition
| motor control changes that occur after upper motor neuron lesion such as weakness, decreased motor control, altered muscle tone, exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, and decreased endurance |
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Term
| Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome |
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Definition
| weakness, twitchy muscles, and muscle apathy |
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Term
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Definition
| during rapid movement, initial high resistance (a spastic catch) followed by a sudden letting go of the limb (relaxation) in response to stretch stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
cyclical, spasmodic alternation of muscular contraction and relaxation in response to sustained stretch of a spastic muscle
(resting, then ask them to do something and they have a tremor. Like you push on the bottom of their foot and then it shakes. Opposite of Parkinson's disease) |
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Term
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Definition
dorsiflexion of big toe with fanning of the other toes on stimulation of the lateral sole of the foot
(for adults toes should curl. If curl out then positive for problem.) |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertonic state with superimposed rachetlike jerkiness and is commonly seen in upper extremity movements (ex. Wrist or elbow flexion & extension) in pts w/Parkinson's. |
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Term
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Definition
| rigidity independent of velocity of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained contraction and posturing of upper limbs in flexion and lower limbs in extension. Elbows, wrists, and fingers are held in flexion w/shoulders adducted tightly to sides while legs held in extension, internal rotation and plantarflexion |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained contraction & posturing of the trunk & limbs in position of full extension. Elbows extended w/shoulders adducted, forearms pronated, and wrist & fingers flexed, legs held in stiff extension with plantarflexion. |
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Term
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Definition
| strong & sustained contraction of the extensor muscles of nect & trunk. Pt assumes rigid hyperextended posture. |
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Term
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Definition
| generalized muscle weakness associated w/cerebellar lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of ability to associate muscles together for complex movements |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder of motor component of speech articulation; typically slow, slurred, prolonged syllables, inappropriate pauses but word use, selection & grammar stay intact |
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Term
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Definition
| impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements like supination and pronation of forearm. Mvmt is irregular w/rapid loss of range & rhythm as speed increases |
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Term
| Dysmetria (hypermetria/hypometria) |
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Definition
| inability to judge distance or range of mvmt. Hyper - over. Hypo - under. |
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Term
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Definition
| mvmt performed in a sequence of component parts rather than a single smooth activity |
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Term
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Definition
| ambulatory patterns that typically demonstrate broad base of support. Upright stance stability is poor and arms may be held away from body to improve balance; stepping patterns are irregular in direction & distance. Initiation of forward progression of lower extremity may start slow and then flung rapidly & forcefully forward |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased muscle tone. Believed to be related to disruption of afferent input from stretch receptors and/or lack of cerebellum's facilitatory efferent influence on fusimotor system |
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Term
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Definition
| causes difficult with accurate fixation & vision & is believed linked to cerebellum's influence on synergy and tone of extraocular muscles |
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Term
| Tremor (intention/kinetic) |
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Definition
| involuntary oscillatory mvmt resulting from alternate contractions of opposing muscle groups; intention or kinetic tremor occurs during volunatry motion of a limb & tends to increase as limb nears intended goal or speed is increased |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to initiate movement & is seen in late stages of Parkinson's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by slow, involuntary, writhing, twisting, worm-like movements. Wrist and fingers may fluctuate between hyperextension and flexion combined w/rotary mvmts; rarely presents by itself but usually with spasticity, tonic smasms, or chorea. Sometimes seen in CP |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased amplitude & velocity of voluntary mvmt. Ex - decreased arm swing; slow shuffling gait; difficulty initiating or changing dir of mvmt; lack of facial expression; seen in Park |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by involuntary, rapid, irregular and jerky mvmts involving multiple joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes movement disorder with features of both chorea and athetosis |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained involuntary contractions of agonis and antagonist muscles causing abnormal posturing or twisting mvmts. Most common in trunk and extremity |
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Term
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Definition
| large-amplitude, sudden, violent flailing motions of arm and leg of one side of the body. Main involvement in axial and proximal musculature of limb. Lesion of contralateral subthalmic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally increased muscle activity or movement assoc with hemiballismus |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally decreased motor response especially to a specific stimuli also assoc w/hemiballismus |
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Term
| Rigidity (leadpipe and cogwheel) |
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Definition
| increase in muscle tone causing greater resistance to passive movement. More pronounced in flexors muscles of trunk and extremities |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movement observed at rest. Usually disappear or decrease with purposeful movement but may increase w/emotional stress |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Inherent (intrinsic) Feedback |
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Definition
| information about many aspects of individuals' own movements through various sensory channels |
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Term
| Augmented (extrinsic) Feedback |
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Definition
| information provided about the task that is supplemental to, or that augments, inherent feedback |
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Term
| Concurrent vs Terminal Feedback |
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Definition
| feedback give with task (ie- every 5th rep) vs feedback at the end of the task |
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Term
| Immediate vs Delayed Feedback |
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Definition
| bring it up everytime they mess up vs wait until they're done to correct them |
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Term
| Accumulated vs Distinct Feedback |
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Definition
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Term
| Knowledge of Results vs Knowledge of Performance |
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Definition
| terminal feedback about the outcome of the movement (you missed the ball) vs feedback relating to the movement pattern used to archive the goal (your elbow was bent) |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which the nervous system learns to predict and cancel effects of a novel environment, returning movements to near baseline conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| changing of neurons, the organization of their networks and their function via new experiences/environments; neural regeneration and collateral sprouting |
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Term
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Definition
control and organization of processes underlying motor behavior
milliseconds |
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Term
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Definition
acquisition of skill through practice and experience
hours, days, weeks |
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Term
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Definition
age-related processes of change in motor behavior
months, years, decades |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to generate sufficient tension in a muscle for purposes of posture and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| absence of muscle strength |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How to Increase Stability |
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Definition
| lower the COG, widening BOS in line with the direction of force application, line of gravity should intersect BOS at a point allowing most ROM within BOS, in line with direction of force application, higher mass, higher friction at BOS |
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Term
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Definition
| shortening contraction; one attachment moves toward another attachment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| equal length; neither shortening nor lengthening |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of matter to continue moving or resting |
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Term
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Definition
| prime move of desired wrist (ie- to flex the wrist, the flexors (FCU, FCR...) are agonists) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that oppose movement (ie- to flex the wrist, extensors (ECRL, ECRB, ECU) are antagonists) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that aid agonist (ie- to flex the wrist, finger flexors (FDP, FDS, FPL) are synergists) |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles are unable to generate maximal tension due to shortening across multiple joints; can't generate enough tension in the muscle becasue it's shortened - no crossbridges available; trying to use the flexors but they're too short to be a strong contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| passive tension across multiple joints; trying to use the flexors, but the extensors won't allow you to do that - passively inhibiting |
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Term
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Definition
optimal sarcomere level at which the muscle fiber is capable of developing maximal isometric tension (maximal cross-bridging)
*Lengthening causes less overlap between thin and thick fibers
*Shortening causes overlap in Z-bands |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior to SCM muscle at level of thyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| distal, medial aspect of humerus |
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Term
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Definition
| at wrist, lateral to FCR tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| inferior to inguinal ligament, femoral triangle (sartorius, adductor longus and inguinal ligament) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inferior aspect of popliteal fossa |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior aspect of medial malleolus |
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Term
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Definition
| between 1st and 2nd metatarsal bones on superior aspect of foot |
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Term
| Mandibular (Jaw Jerk) Reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| Biceps Brachii Tendon Reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| Brachioradialis Tendon Reflex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in the stiffness of a muscle to lengthening; palpable decrease in muscle tone; diminished resistance to passive movements; stretch reflexes are absent/decreased; floppy limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| complete loss of muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
0, 1, 1+, 2, 3, 4
(no increase in tone --> rigid)
used to examine muscle tone- resistance to stretch, palpable resting tone |
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Term
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Definition
| sequencing, timing and grading of the activation of multiple muscle groups |
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Term
| Flexor Synergy of Upper Limb |
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Definition
flexion of elbow to an acute angle
full range supination of forearm (*biceps are supinators)
shoulder abduction to 90 degrees
external shoulder rotation
retraction and/or elevation of shoulder girdle |
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Term
| Extensor Synergy of Upper Limb |
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Definition
extension of elbow
full range pronation of forearm
adduction of arm in front of body
internal shoulder rotation
fixation of shoulder girdle in protracted position |
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Term
| Flexor Synergy of Lower Limb |
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Definition
dorsiflexion of toes
dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle
flexion of hip to 90 degrees
flexion of knee
abduction/external rotation of hip |
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Term
| Extensor Synergy of Lower Limb |
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Definition
plantar flexion of toes
plantar flexion and inversion of ankle
extension of hip
extension of knee
adduction/internal rotation of hip |
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Term
| Timing Problems and Synergy |
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Definition
| delayed reaction time, prolonged movement time, difficulty terminating a movement |
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Term
| Scaling Problems and Synergy |
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Definition
| problems in judging the distance or range of a movement, under/overshooting |
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Term
| Coordination Problems in Cerebellar Lesions and Synergy |
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Definition
| athenia, asynergia, dysarthria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, dyssynergia, gait disorder (ataxic), hypotonia, nystagmus, tremor (intention/kinetic) |
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Term
| Coordination Problems in Basal Ganglia Lesions and Synergy |
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Definition
| akinesia, athetosis, bradykinesia, chorea, choreoathetosis, dsytonia, hemiballismus, hyperkinesis, hypokinesis, rigidity (leadpipe and cogwheel), tremor (resting) |
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Term
| Key Levels of Thorax/Abdomen |
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Definition
T4/5 - nipple
T10 - umbilicus |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli; spinal level; stretch and withdrawal reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| repetitive rhythmic motor patterns; spinal and brain stem level; chewing, swallowing, scratching, quadrupedal locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| initiated to accomplish a specific goal; supraspinal level; feedback and feedforward control |
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Term
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Definition
| in response to sensory information (visual, vestibular, or somatosensory) from an external perturbation |
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Term
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Definition
| sending information ahead in time to ready a part of the system for incoming sensory feedback or for a future motor command |
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Term
| Explicit (declarative) Motor Learning |
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Definition
| conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information |
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Term
| Implicit (nondeclarative) Motor Learning |
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Definition
| learning in which previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences |
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Term
| Cognitive Stage of Motor Learning |
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Definition
| learner understands the task and begins to develop strategies to carry out the task |
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Term
| Associative Stage of Motor Learning |
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Definition
| person has selected best stragety for the task and begins to refine the skill |
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Term
| Autonomous Stage of Motor Learning |
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Definition
| skill is more automatic with low degree of attention required for performance and low error rate |
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Term
| Massed vs Distributed Practice |
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Definition
| less time between sessions vs more time between sessions |
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Term
| Constant vs Variable Practice |
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Definition
| one variant of a movement is targeted (golf swing) vs more than one are targeted (ie- golf swing over varying distances from hole) |
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Term
| Random vs Blocked Practice |
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Definition
| different movements are produced on successive trials and the upcoming target isn't predictabe vs learner practices a group of the same target movements before beginning a practice on the next target (AAA,BBB,CCC) |
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Term
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Definition
| work on a segment vs work on entire movement |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal increase in kyphotic/posterior curvature of thoracic spine (forward head, rounded shoulders)
strong/short: hip flexors and posterior neck muscles
weak/lengthened: anterior neck muscles, upper back muscles, external obliques, hamstrings |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal increase in lordic/anterior curvature of lumbar spine
strong/short: lower back (paraspinals)and hip flexors
weak/lengthened: abs, hamstrings, glutes |
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Term
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Definition
flatter lumbar spine, pelvis is tilted posteriorly, and anterior translation; increased thoracic kyphosis and increased lordosis in cervical
strong/short: hamstrings, internal obliques, lower back, rectus abdominis
weak/lengthened: hip flexors, external obliques, transverse abdominis, upper back, front neck, paraspinals |
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Term
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Definition
spine is forward decompensated through decreased lumbar lordosis
strong/short: hamstrings
weak/lengthened: hip flexors, rectus femoris |
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Term
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Definition
decreased lordosis (more flexed) in cervical spine and decreased kyphosis in thoracic, posterior translation of chin
strong/short: anterior neck muscles
weak/lengthened: posterior neck muscles |
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Term
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Definition
frontal plane/lateral deviation of spine
strong/short: muscles on concave side of curve
weak/lengthened: muscles on convex side of curve |
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Term
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Definition
| correctable; result of soft tissue imbalances (paraspinals) |
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Term
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Definition
| bony changes as well as soft tissue asymmetries; rotation problem that causes a rib hump |
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Term
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Definition
| incresed lateral compression of knee joint; "knock-knees" |
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Term
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Definition
quiet: diaphragm, scalenes, intercostales
forced: SCM, traps, pecs |
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Term
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Definition
quiet: passive recoil of tissues
forced: rectus abd, ext/int obliques, transv ab, internal intercostals |
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Term
| Thoracic Cavity Movements of Ventilation |
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Definition
inspiration = expansion
expiration = compression |
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Term
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Definition
R: superior, middle (anterior only), inferior
L: superior and inferior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| finger flexion, thumb abduction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Movements in Cardinal Planes |
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Definition
transverse plane - medial/lateral rotation
sagittal plane - flexion/extension
frontal/coronal plane - ab/adduction |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly posterior to apex of coronal suture, through external auditory meatus, through odontoid process of axis, through bodies of lumbar vertebrae, through sacral promontory, slightly posterior to center of hip joint, slightly anterior to axis of knee joint |
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Term
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Definition
T2 - superior angle of scapula
L4/5 - iliac crest |
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Term
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Definition
angle of femur, tibial tuberiosity, patella
normal is 10-20 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
10-15 degrees; angle between a line drawn between ASIS and PSIS and the horizontal
ASIS- anterior superior iliac spine
PSIS- posterior superior iliac spine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Triceps Brachii Tendon Reflex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tibialis Posterior Reflex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| starts when initial strike/heel contact and continue until that same foot hits the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| heel contact of one foot to heel contact of other foot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distance between 2 successive heel strikes of same foot |
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Term
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Definition
distance between 2 successive heel strikes of 2 different feet
normal: 72 cm (28 inches) |
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Term
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Definition
lateral distance between heel centers of 2 foot contacts
normal: 7-9 cm |
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Term
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Definition
deviation from straight line to foot
normal: 7 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
# steps/minute
normal: 1.87 steps/s (110 steps/min) |
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Term
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Definition
distance covered in a fixed time
normal: 1.37 m/s (3mph) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| being advanced forward for next contact with ground |
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Term
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Definition
Double limb support 0-10 (10%)
Single limb support 10-50 (40%)
Double limb support 50-60 (10%)
Single limb support 60-100 (40%) |
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Term
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Definition
0% - R heel contact
8% - foot flat
30% - mid stance
40% - swing phase, heel-off
50% - L heel contact
60% - stance phase, R toe off
60-75% - early swing - toe off to mid swing
75-85% - mid swing - mid stance of opposite leg
85-100% - late swing
100% R heel contact |
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Term
| Center of Mass Location/Dispositions |
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Definition
anterior to S2
vertical disposition - 5cm
medial/lateral disposition - 4cm |
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Term
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Definition
| study of forces acting on gait (gravity, muscles...) |
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Term
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Definition
| motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes of the body |
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Term
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Definition
number of permitted planes of motion at a joint
*Joint can have up to 6 defrees of freedom: 3 rotations and 3 translations |
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Term
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Definition
motion that occurs between articular surfaces of joints
roll, spin, slide |
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Term
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Definition
| object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside force |
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Term
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Definition
F = ma
force = mass x acceleration |
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Term
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Definition
| every reaction has an equal and opposite reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| overcome resistance larger than input effort and increase speed and ROM to move resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| point of rotation; in anatomic levers, the joint |
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Term
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Definition
| force applied to balance or overcome resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| load (force or mass) applied to a lever arm, which is to be balanced or overcome by effort |
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Term
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Definition
portion of lever between fulcrum and force poins
**Only applies when effort and resistance are perpendicular to lever - if not: "moment arm" |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular distance between effort and fulcrum |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular distance between resistance and fulcrum |
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Term
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Definition
fulcrum between resistance and effort (EFR)
ex: tricep pushdown
*no gains in force or distance
*provides balance |
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Term
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Definition
resistance between effort and fulcrum (FRE)
ie- toe raise
*EA always longer than RA
*takes less force to move resistance, but sacrifices ROM |
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Term
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Definition
effort between fulcrum and resistance (FER)
ie- bicep curl
*RA longer than EA
*Preserve ROM, high speed, but sacrifice a lot of force and effort |
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Term
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Definition
| study of human movement to improve performance, compare to normal/return to normal, improve function and return to independence |
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Term
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Definition
| application of mechanical principles to the study of living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
study of motion, regardless of forces
*How objects move through space |
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Term
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Definition
| study of forces and effect of forces acting on the body |
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Term
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Definition
Mass (g)
Force (N)
Torque (N) - F x moment arm
Distance (m)
Angular Position (degrees or radians)
Pressure (Pascal)
Velocity (m/s)
Power (W)
Volume (L)
Temperature (C)
Time (24 hour clock) |
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Term
| Translatory/Linear Movement |
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Definition
linear movement whtere all parts of rigid body move parallel to and in same direction as all other parts of body; movement of body as a whole and a translation of body's COM
ie- hockey puck on ice |
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Term
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Definition
motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path about a fixed pivot point (axis of rotation); arc or circle
ie- kicking a ball, shaking your head "no", windmill motion at shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
IF x D = EF x D
internal force x D = external force x D
internal: muscle
external: any outer-body force |
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Term
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Definition
| body stores 80-100g (3oz) of ATP, but the body maintains continuous supply via metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
energy transfer reactions that don't require oxygen
*occurs in cytosol
*fast but insufficient - low ATP yield
*can't be maintained - up to 2 min
*Type IIb fibers
ATP-PCr System and Glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
1 glucose --> 2 ATP or 1 glycogen --> 3 ATP
*production of lactate interferes with muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
energy transfer reactions that require oxygen
*occurs in mitochondira
*efficient - high ATP yield
*slower, don't meet initial demands (after 4 min of activity)
*type I fibers
Citric acid cycle (36 ATP) and ETC |
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Term
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Definition
measured in mL/kg*min
measure of energy expenditure
amount of oxygen utilized for aerobic metabolism/ATP production for energy required by working muscles |
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Term
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Definition
best indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic capacity
linear relationship with heart rate |
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Term
| RPE (Rating of Perceived Exertion) |
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Definition
0-10 or 6-20
highly correlated to HR and VO2 |
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Term
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Definition
concentric/eccentric
*test 1RM |
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Term
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Definition
isometric
*test with dynamometer |
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Term
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Definition
| max force or tension generated by a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
static (plank)
dynamic (pushup or situp test); AMRAP |
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Term
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Definition
| body mass/weight in excess of some age-gender standard |
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Term
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Definition
| body fat in excess of some age-gender standards |
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Term
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Definition
| an extreme overweight/overfat condition |
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Term
| Body Composition Assessments |
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Definition
| BMI, Waist, Waist:Hip, hydrostatic/underwater weighing, air plethysmography (bod pod), skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
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Term
| Reflex vs Movement Reaction Time |
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Definition
| 80 milliseconds vs 150-200 milliseconds |
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