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Mountain Geo New Stuff
N/A
28
Geography
Undergraduate 4
12/18/2012

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Geomorphic hazards are particularly great in the Andes because
Definition
  1. They are young, steep mountains
  2. They are tectonically active
  3. They have pro-glacial lakes
Term
1962 avy, cause, deaths
Definition

Huascaran, caused by a 50 degree change in temp in a matter of minutes

4000 fatalities. Ranrahirca destroyed, Yungay protected by ridge

Term
Why did the Incas perform Human sacrifices (4)
Definition

Volcanic eruptions

Drought events

natural hazards like avalanches

Expansion of Inca empire

 

Term
1970 avy, causes, deaths
Definition
Mt Huascaran, caused by a 7.7 earthquake and had snow and rock debris, killed 20,000 people, Yungay no longer protected. Earthquake also destroyed Huaraz
Term
1941 disaster
Definition
Lake Palca flooded and killed 6000 people in Huaraz
Term
Significance of Lago Paron
Definition
Could have an outburst at any time because glacier ice might fall in and cause a flood
Term
Juanita
Definition
500 year old mummy found in Peruvian andes
Term
Otzi
Definition
5000 year old mummy found in Tyrolean Alps
Term
lyofilization
Definition
dry-freeze process
Term
elevation of treeline corresponds with (3)
Definition
  1. minimum growing season
  2. wind
  3. geomorphic disturbance- avalanches
Term
Vegetation zones
Definition

montane

subalpine

treeline

Alpine

Nival

Term
Alpine Environmental conditions
Definition

cold

temps may change rapidly

windy

poor soil quality

High UV exposure

Term
Adaptations to the alpine environment
Definition

-being short

-low growth rates

High root:shoot ratio

tolerance to low temps

Term
What cause nsfc to grow to 10 mm on Illimani
Definition

Temp gradients of 161 C

diurnal swings of 7.8 C

high solar radiation

dust layers

Temperatures always below 0 C

Cooling from long wave radiation

Term
Alpine Mesotopographic gradient
Definition

Fellfield

snowbed

Moist meadow-most probable to change

wet meadow

dry meadow

Term
How does N affect alpine plants
Definition
changes species composition because the ones that can handle more N outcompete others
Term
Krummholz
Definition

Twisted wood/dwarf trees

leeward side accumulates snow

Term
treelines
Definition

closed forest>patch forest>krummholz

 

Term
ribbon forest
Definition
caused by snow drifts that accumulate behind suppress subsequent tree growth (create ribbons/lines of trees)
Term
stem leader
Definition
krummholz turning into tree due to change in temperature/wind
Term
tree island
Definition

reproduce vegetatively

hundreds of trees in single island

all the same individual usually

Term
snow-tree interaction
Definition

snow insulates ground (increase temp)

free water

shields veg from high winds

Term
4 ways pikas are affected by climate change
Definition
  1. Warm temp in the summer causes heat-avoidance behavior and it leads to a decrease in foraging
  2. climate change changes the growing season of certain plants that pikas need
  3. Experience winter cold stress because the snowpack isn't thick enough to insulate them
  4. Driving habitat uphill
Term
Nitrogen Cycle
Definition
  1. Soil organic matter contains organic N
  2. Microbes mineralize organic N to ammonium and nitrate (ammonification and nitrification)
  3. Plants use/ assimilate nitrogen
  4. Returns to SOM as plants decompose
Term
2 differrent to science and policy
Definition

Science driven policy

precautionary policy

Term
4 characteristics of AMD
Definition

inc. acidity

inc. metals

inc. sulfates

inc. suspended solids

Term

AMD equation

 

Definition
pyrite + water + air = low pH & metals
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