Term
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Definition
| Capability to live, move, and work within the real world |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of the individual, environment, or task that encourages some movements while discouraging others |
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Term
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Definition
| Group whose members share a common characteristic |
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Term
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Definition
| Change over time that is not initiated by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| Similarity in developmental stages that a species typically progresses through |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in the rate of development that individuals display through their lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Set of cognitive abilities that control and regulate other abilities and behaviors which includes initialing or stopping actions, monitor and change behavior, and plan future behavior. |
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Term
| spontaneous self-organization of body systems |
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Definition
| Flexibility to adapt movement patterns due to the lack of hard wired coordinated behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Applicable to real world movement behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Function an environmental object provides to an individual related to size and shape of the object and the individual in a particular setting |
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Term
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Definition
| An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless a force is acted upon it |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of acceleration and object has when you apply to it is proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The resistance of a mass to change in its state of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| Movements that are performed with maximal velocity and acceleration characterized by high firing rates and brief contraction periods |
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Term
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Definition
| A persons resistance to movement |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of a body or physical system at rest or in un-accelerated motion in which the resultant of all forces acting on it is zero and the sum of all torques about any axis is zero. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which cells become specialized to form specific tissue and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in absolute amount of number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the relative size of an individual cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction of growth beginning at the head and extending toward the lower body |
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Term
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Definition
| Direction of growth proceeding from the body toward the extremities |
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Term
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Definition
| modifiability or malleability; in regard to growth it is the ability of tissues to subsume functions otherwise carried out by other tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of those who carry genotype and those who express phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of particles across a concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration) |
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Term
| Sigmoid Shape Growth Pattern |
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Definition
| “S” shape curve. Pattern of growth – a rapid increase in infancy, tapering off to steady growth in childhood, followed by another rapid increase during adolescents growth spurt, and finally a tapering off until the end of the growth period |
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Term
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Definition
| Age at which the rate of growth begins to increase |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurement of body growth and size; includes height, weight, segment length, body breath, and circumference |
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Term
| SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS |
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Definition
| Aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females (i.e. enlargement of breasts, scrotum, and testes, and growth of pubic hair |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some or all of potential growth lost during a period of negative extrinsic influence; it occurs once the negative influence is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of bone creation through the transformation of cartilage (or fibrous tissue) into bone |
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Term
| Primary ossification centers |
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Definition
| Areas in the mid portion of long bones where bone cells are formed beginning 2 months after conception |
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Term
| Secondary ossification centers (Epiphyseal plate |
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Definition
| Cartilaginous areas near the end of long bones where new cells are formed and deposited so that bones grow in length |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the diameter of bones through the addition of new layers of tissue under the existing periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| Contractile unit of the muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances secreted into the body fluids by a glands that have specific effects on the activities of target cells, tissues, and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrinkled surface of the brain containing millions of neurons and regulating many human functions and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which axons of the neural cells are insulated when insulating myelin sheaths formed by Schwann cells wrap themselves around the axon – improves speed and frequency of firing |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for delivering commands for both random and postural movements made by infants shortly after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Mylenates after birth and is functioning at 5 months and controls the muscles for finger movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Activation for both the muscles used for flexing and extending a limb |
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Term
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Definition
| an involuntary response to specific stimulation which is often mediated by lower brain centers |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps the infant automatically maintain posture in a changing environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary movements which appear similar and related to voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparison of individuals based upon previously established norms |
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Term
| Criterion referenced Scales |
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Definition
| Indicates where a child falls on a continuum of skills that are acquired in sequence. Children are compared with their oven previous performance rather than with population norms |
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Term
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Definition
| Cultural phenomenon in the United States were first time mothers hold their infants for long periods of time which inhibits motor development |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined as a 50% phasing relationshop between the legs as well as a period of double support followed by single support |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular pattern of locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Gait pattern that includes the extension of the knee at heel strike, slight flexion as body weight shifts over supporting leg, and re-extension at push-off seen in proficient walking |
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Term
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Definition
| Defined as 50% phasing of the legs with a flight phase followed by single support occuring 6 months after walking |
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Term
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Definition
| Propulsion from ground with one or two feet, but land with both feet |
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Term
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Definition
| Propulsion with one foot and landing on the same one |
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Term
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Definition
| A run preceding a propulsion with one foot and landing on the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Asymmetrical gait – a step forward on one foot followed by a recovery step with the back foot never passing the front foot. Same leg always leads the step. Movement is in the forward direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Asymmetrical gait – a step to the side on one foot followed by a recovery step with the trail foot never passing the lead foot. Same leg always leads the step. Movement is in the lateral direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A step and a hop on one foot followed by a step and hop with the other foot. The most complex fundamental locomotor pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| A practice sequence in which individuals perform the same skill repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| A practice sequence in which individuals perform a number of skills in a quasi random order minimizing consecutive repetitions of a single skill |
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Term
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Definition
| Skills in which a person applies force to an object in order to project it |
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Term
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Definition
| Backward or takeaway movement used to put the arm or limb in a position to move ballistically forward to project an object |
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Term
| Differentiated Trunk Rotation |
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Definition
| An advanced throwing pattern indicative of the lower trunk (hip section) rotates forward while the upper trunk (shoulder section) is rotating backward, still preparing to rotate forward. |
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Term
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Definition
| The grasping of an object usually with the hands, technical term |
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Term
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Definition
| Holding of an object against the palm of the hands |
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Term
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Definition
| Holding of an object between the thumb and one or more fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| Adapting characteristics of the task or environment to the overall body size or to the size of a body component |
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Term
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Definition
| Same movement can be carried out by those of different sizes because the ratio of body size to object or dimension is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| Skill requiring the gaining of procession of an object by reaching for and intercepting it |
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Term
| Coincidence of Anticipation |
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Definition
| motor skill tasks in which one anticipates the completion of a movement to coincide with the arrival of a moving object. |
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Term
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Definition
| stability in the kinematic values of a set of movements |
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Term
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Definition
| The visual picture which falls on the retina as an object is approached acting as a stimulus for visual perception |
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Term
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Definition
| The neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multistage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating, information received from the senses |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharpness of sight measured by a score on the snellen scale |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in the images received by the two eyes as a result of their difference in location |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in optical location for objects at different distances during viewer motion |
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Term
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Definition
| The change in the pattern of optical texture, a transformation of the optic array as a viewer moves forward or backward in a stable environment |
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Term
| Assumption of Physical Equality |
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Definition
| When two like objects can be expected to have the same size but project different relative sizes on the retina, we assume the object with the larger retinal size is closer to us. |
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Term
| Figure and Ground Perception |
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Definition
| Ability to see an object of interest as distinct from the background |
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Term
| Whole and Part Perception |
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Definition
| Ability to discriminate parts ofm a picture or an object from the whole, yet integrate the parts into the whole perceiving them simultaneously |
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Term
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Definition
| The point on a continuum wherein the energy level is just sufficient for one to register the presence of a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The collective name of the various kinesthetic receptors located in the periphery of the body: the two types are somatosensors and the vestibular apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| The receptors located under the skin, in the muscles, at muscle tendon junctions, and in joint capsules and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| Houses the receptors located in the inner ear contributing to balance and spatial conception |
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Term
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Definition
| The component of body awareness that accounts for individuals being able to discriminate and identify both sides of the body as being independent of from one another |
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Term
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Definition
| The recognition, identification, and differentiation of the location, movement, and interrelationships of body parts and joint; it also refers to a person’s awareness of the spatial orientation and perceived location of the body in the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The consistent preference for use of one eye, ear, hand, or foot instead of the other, although the preference for different anatomical units is not always on the same side |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to project the body’s spatial dimensions into surrounding space and to grasp spatial concepts about the movements or locations of objects in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimal detectable sound that a hearer can sense at least half of the time a signal is sounded |
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Term
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Definition
| The closest two sounds can be yet still allow the hearer to distinguish them at least 75% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns in space or time that do not differ across the sensory-perceptual modalities |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill for which the primary determinant for success is the quality of the movement the performer produces |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill or task that is organized in such a way that the action is usually brief and has a well-defined beginning and end. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of skill organization that is characterized by several discrete actions connected together in sequence, often with the order of the actions being crucial to performance success. |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill organized in such a way that the action unfolds without a recognizable beginning and often repetitive fashion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill which the primary determinant for success is the quality of the performers decisions regarding what to do |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill performed in an environment that is predictable or stationary and that allows performers to plan their movements in advance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A skill performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion and that requires performers to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The observable production of voluntary action or a motor skill. The level of a person’s performance is susceptible to fluctuations in temporary factors such a motivation, arousal, fatigue, and physical condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristics that are subject to change as a result of practice and that underlie the performance of various tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| The changes associated with practice or experience as an internal process that determines an individuals capability for producing motor skill |
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Term
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Definition
| Movements performed with little attention to or conscious awareness of skill execution in advanced learners |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of Adams Theory in which a reference model is acquired through practice |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of Adams Theory responsible for initiating a movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Improvements that occur in a person’s capability for correct responding as a result of repeated performance attempts and without the person’s awareness of what caused the improvements (or that improvements even occurred) |
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Term
| SITUATION – BASED APPROACH |
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Definition
| An approach to understanding motor performance and learning that emphasizes the situation (or context) in which performance and learning is taking place |
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Term
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Definition
| Information people receive for processing |
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Term
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Definition
| Potential measure of the total duration of the three stages of information-processing beginning when a stimulus is presented and ending when a movement is initiated |
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Term
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Definition
| The interval of time that elapses between the presentation of one possible stimulus and the beginning of its associated response . |
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Term
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Definition
| The interval of time that elapses between the presentation of one of several possible stimuli and the beginning of one of several possible responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Law describing the stable relationship that exists between the number of stimulus-response alternatives and choice reaction time; specifically, as the logarithm of the number of stimulus-response pairs increases, choice reaction time increases linearly. |
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Term
| Spatial/Event Anticipation |
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Definition
| Predicting what is going to happen before the signal is presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Predicting when a signal to respond is going to happen or predicting the time-course of a sequence of events. |
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Term
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Definition
| The level of activation of the central nervous system; varies from extremely low levels during sleep to extremely high levels during intense physical and/ or mental activity |
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Term
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Definition
| A person’s uneasiness or distress about future uncertainties; a perception of threat to the self (often characterized by elevated arousal levels). |
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Term
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Definition
| A person’s general disposition to perceive situations as threatening |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear relationship between arousal levels and performance – increases in arousal are associated with higher levels of performance |
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Term
| Inverted-U Hypothesis (Yerkes-Dodson Law) |
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Definition
| Performance increases with arousal levels only to a certain point. After arousal levels exceed optimal levels, performance declines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Improvements in performance is related to a complex interaction between increases in psychological arousal and cognitive anxiety up to a certain point – when anxiety surpasses beyond that point, performance drastically decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrowing of attentional focus that occurs as a persons arousal levels increase |
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Term
| Cue Utilization hypothesis |
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Definition
| An explanation for performance decrements under condition of low and high arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| A limited mental resource to process information |
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Term
| Limited attentional capacity |
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Definition
| Notion that attention is limited to at most a few activities at any one time |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of information processing that allows people to handle two or more streams of information at the same time; usually during the stimulus-identification stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Competition between the response to color word and the ink color in which it is presented; this effect shows that two stimuli (word form and word color) can be processed simultaneously, probably in the stimulus-identification stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow, sequential, and attention demanding processing prevalent in early stages of learning |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of information processing that is fast, parallel, not attention demanding, and often involuntary; it is more prevalent in later stages of learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Units developed with practice, that allow skilled performers to handle certain information processing tasks automatically |
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Term
| DOUBLE-STIMULATION PARADIGM |
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Definition
| A research design requiring separate reactions to two different stimuli presented together closely time |
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Term
| PSYCHOLOGICAL REFRACTORY PERIOD |
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Definition
| The delay in a person’s reaction time to the second of two closely spaced stimuli compared with the person’s reaction time to the second stimulus presented by itself |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of time separating the onset of two stimuli in a double-stimulation paradigm |
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Term
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Definition
| The act of organizing and producing several movements in a single unit common in skilled performance |
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Term
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Definition
| The persistence of the capacity or knowledge or action; comprise of three components: short-term sensory store, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory system that is unconscious, lasts a few milliseconds, and has an almost limitless capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection filtration mechanism (selective attention) selects some information from STSS for further processing to 7+/-2 chunks of information which is lost after 30 seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| Storage space for experiences people have accumulated throughout their lifespan involving gross skills such as motor programs, with unlimited capacity but problems with retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory info that comes primarily from sources outside the persons body such as vision and hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory info that comes primarily from sources in the muscles and joints and from body movements |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory information arising from within the body such as hunger and thirst |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory information coming from the motor system that signals contractions and limb movement; similar to proprioception |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory receptors located in the muscles that provide the nervous system with information about changes in muscles length. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proprioceptive sense organs located at the junction of muscles and tendons that signal information about force in the muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Proprioceptive sense organs located in most skin areas that signal information about pressure, temperature, and touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of control that involves the use of feedback and the activity of error detection and correction processes to maintain the desired state; used by people to control slow, deliberate movements |
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Term
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Definition
| (Error detection mechanism)- compares expected feedback from the desired state to exteroceptive and proprioceptive feedback from the actual state and relays any difference to the executive as input |
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Term
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Definition
| provides information about the actual state of a closed loop control system |
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Term
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Definition
| Information about the intended action or a copy of the expected feedback generated before the action begins |
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Term
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Definition
| The capability of individuals to evaluate their own performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Stereotyped, involuntary, automatic and usually rapid responses to stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex taking 30-50 ms where information relayed to spinal cord – then directly back to the stretched muscles increasing contractile force |
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Term
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Definition
| Polysynaptic functional stretch reflex (50-80 ms)which Arises in muscles spindle – travels to spinal cord – then up to the brain – and back down through to stimulate the same muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively complex, coordinated reaction to a particular stimulus, with latency of 80 to 120 ms; it is flexible yet faster than the M3 response |
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Term
| Voluntary reaction Time Response-M3 |
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Definition
| Voluntary reactions of 120-180 ms involving information processing |
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Term
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Definition
| The visual system people use primarily to identify objects; it uses the center of the visual field, leads to conscious visual perception, and is degraded in dim lighting |
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Term
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Definition
| The visual system that allows people to detect the orientation of their body in the environment; it is non-conscious, takes in all of the visual field, and is used for action and movement control |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of motor commands that is pre-structured at the executive level and that defines the essential details of a skilled action; analogous to a central pattern generator. |
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Term
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Definition
| The components of a control system that can vary independently and that are controlled to produce effective action |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of control that involves the use of centrally determined, pre-structured commands sent to the effector system and executive without feedback; used by individuals to control rapid, discrete movements |
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Term
| DEAFFERENTATION EXPERIMENTS |
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Definition
| A surgical procedure in which an afferent pathway (i.e. one that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system) is cut, preventing nerve impulses from the periphery from reaching the spinal cord |
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Term
| Central Pattern Generator (CPG |
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Definition
| A centrally located control mechanism that produces mainly genetically defined, repetitive actions, such as locomotion or chewing; analogous to a motor program |
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Term
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Definition
| An explanation for how people control coordinated movement that emphasize the interaction of dynamic properties of the neuromuscular system and physical properties of environmental information |
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Term
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Definition
| A deficiency of the simple motor-program notion, which presumes that people are unable to produce novel movements or unpracticed variations of learned movements because they have not developed specific motor programs for producing them |
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Term
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Definition
| An explanation for how people control coordinated movements that emphasizes the role of pre-structured motor commands organized at the executive level. |
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Term
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Definition
| The easily changeable components of a movement, such as movement time or amplitude; that are modified as a result of changing parameters. |
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Term
| FUNDAMENTAL TIMING STRUCTURE |
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Definition
| The sequencing and timing (of rhythm) of a movement that define the underlying pattern. |
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Term
| FUNDAMENTAL TIMING STRUCTURE |
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Definition
| The sequencing and timing (or rhythm) of a movement that defines the fundamental pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the temporal structure of a movement, in which the ratios among durations of various movement features are used to define the temporal pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| The characteristics of a movement that remain constant when the surface features of the movement change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trade-off between speed and accuracy can be expressed in a linear fashion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for individuals to substitute accuracy for speed, or vice versa, in their movements depending on task requirements |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of accuracy required for which spatial position of the movement’s end point is important to task performance |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of accuracy required for rapid movements for which accuracy of the movement in time is important to task performance |
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Term
| COINCIDENCE OF ANTICIPATION |
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Definition
| A type of task that requires performers to produce movements that coincide in time, space, or both with an external object or event (e.g., catching or hitting a moving ball); sometimes referred to as anticipation timing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable, enduring traits that for the most part, are genetically determined and that underlie a person’ skill in a variety of tasks. People differ with respect to their patterns of strong and weak abilities resulting in differences in their levels of skill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable, enduring differences, among individual’s performances, often attributable to differences in their abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| The underlying potential for performance in a given task, which changes with practice, experience, and a host of situational and environmental factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A view proposed by Franklin Henry that a large number of distinct, specific, and independent motor abilities are the basis for each specific motor performance |
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Term
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Definition
| A profile as a consequence of a task analysis that results in identifying physical, psychological, and emotional traits to be a successful performer of that sport |
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Term
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Definition
| Situations in which people make deliberate attempts to improve their performance of a particular movement or action. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of establishing targets for performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Targets for performance that focus on the end result of the activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Targets for performance that focus on improving some aspect of performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Targets for performance that focus on the quality of movement production |
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Term
| Near Transfer (Generalization) |
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Definition
| Transfer of learning from one similar task to another very similar situation (e.g. practice hitting golf balls on the range to playing a round of golf in a tournament) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of learning from one task to another very different or specific skill either negative or positive |
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Term
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Definition
| The gain or the loss of a person’s proficiency on one task as a result of previous practice or experience on another task. |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction and intensity of a person’s effort to reach a performance goal, either for personal mastery or for demonstrating superior competence compared with other performers |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of a task that deal with the fundamental patterns or actions associated with correct performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of a task that deal with the environmental or movement information that leads to correct performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspects of a task the deal with the rules, principles, guidelines, or strategies of performance |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the best learning experiences are those that approximate most closely the movement components and environmental conditions of the target skill and target context. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The deviation with respect to amount and direction, of the result of a performer’s movement relative to some target value. Average constant error is the average value of several movement attempts |
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Term
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Definition
| The inconsistency of results of several movements with respect to a performers average constant error for the movements. The greater the VE the less consistent the performance. |
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| A focus on information that is the consequence of the action being produced – e.g. , the movement of the golf club, the flight of the ball |
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| A focus on information associated with the body’s movement in producing the action – e.g. how much elbow is bent, the timing of hip rotation |
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| he information at which the performer’s attention, or consciousness, is directed |
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| A focus on a narrow range of information sources at one time |
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| A focus on a wide range of information sources at one time. |
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| A practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice attempts or between practice sessions is relatively shorter that the amount of time spent practicing |
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| A practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice attempts or between practice session is relatively longer than the amount of time spent practicing. |
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| A practice procedure that involves the demonstration of a skill for the benefit of a person who is trying to learn the skill. |
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| The process by which learners acquire the capability for action by observing the performance of others |
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| A type of guidance procedure that involves active movements by the performer, which tend to preserve the relative-timing pattern and feel of the target skill. |
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| A type of guidance procedure that involves passive movement of the learner which can alter the nature and feel of the target skill |
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| A procedure used to direct (either physically, verbally, and/ or visually) learners through task performance in an effort to reduce errors or reduce fear. |
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| A training device that mimics various features of the real world task |
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| The skill a person wishes to be able to perform |
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| The environmental context in which people want to be able to perform a skill or skills |
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| Practice of a complex skill in a more simplified form; the three types of part practice are fractionization, segmentation, and simplification. |
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| A type of part practice in which the complexity of some aspect of the target skill is reduced (e.g., slow-motion practice or the use of an oversized ball for the tennis serve |
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Definition
| A type of a part practice in which one part of a target skill is practiced for a time, then a second part is added to the first part and the two are practiced together, and so on, until the entire target skill is practiced; also referred to as progressive-part practice. |
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Definition
| A type of part practice in which one or more parts of a complex skill a practiced separately. |
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| The extent to which actions involved in one part of a complex skill influence the actions involved in other parts |
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| CONTEXTUAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT: |
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Definition
| A collection of findings showing that certain conditions that depress performance during practice produce more learning as measured on delayed test of retention |
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| The idea that random practice during practice causes people to elaborate or discover the distinctiveness among skills (whereas blocked practice does not), which is beneficial for performance in a retention test |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that random practice prevents the repetition of a given task on successive attempts, allowing short-term forgetting, which requires the learner to generate the solution on every trial (whereas blocked practice does not); the method generating the solution is learned, which is effective on delayed tests of retention. |
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| The act of generating a solution to a motor problem (e.g., retrieving a motor program and its parameters from long-term memory); facilitated by a random-practice schedule. |
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| The variable inputs to a generalized motor program, such as speed for amplitude of the movement, which result in different surface features |
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| The act of assigning parameters to a generalized motor program (e.g., large force, left hand, short movement time) that allows the performer to achieve a particular movement goal. |
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| Elements of practice that make effective performance more difficult to achieve during practice yet result in more effective learning later on |
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| Transfer-appropriate processing: |
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Definition
| Learning various information processing activities, which are exercised in particular types of practice, that are appropriate for performance in retention or transfer situations |
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| A practice sequence in which performers rehearse a number of variations of a given class of skills during a session; also referred to as variable practice. |
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| A practice sequence in which people rehearse only one variation of a given class of skills during a session |
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| A particular skill variation that receives massive amounts of practice; as a result it emerges as a highly specific skill for achieving a highly specific goal |
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| Sensory information that occurs normally when performers produce movements; it can come from sources outside the body (exteroception) or inside the body (proprioception). |
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| Sensory information provided by an outside source in addition to that which normally occurs when performers produce their movements (i.e., intrinsic feedback); sometimes referred to as augmented feedback |
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| Augmented information usually provided by verbal form after the action is completed; indicates something about the degree to which the performer achieved the desired movement outcome or environmental goal |
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| Augmented feedback that provides information about the quality of the movement (e.g., rhythmical, smooth, mechanically efficient, beautiful, etc.). |
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| Feedback about the displacement, velocity, acceleration, or other aspects of the movement itself or the object being moved; a subcategory of knowledge of performance. |
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Definition
| The more connection between a behavior and its consequence is made, the stronger the connection becomes (and, conversely, with disuse the connection becomes weaker). |
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| If a connection is followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” it will be strengthened (and, conversely, if it is followed by an “annoying state of affairs” it will be weakened) |
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| How behavior is changed by what comes after it – reinforcer – learning through reinforcement. |
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| An event following a response that increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response under similar circumstances. |
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| An event following a response that removes an aversive condition and increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response again under similar circumstances. REMOVAL OF NEGATIVELY ASSOCIATED STIMULUS |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| A feedback schedule in which reinforcement is provided only occasionally (e.g. playing slot machines) PRESENTATION OF POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED STIMULUS ON AN INTERMITTENT BASIS |
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Definition
| An event following a response that increases the likelihood that the performer will repeat the response under similar circumstances. PRESENTATION OF POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED STIMULUS |
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Definition
| An event following a response that decreases the likelihood that the response will be produced again under similar circumstances |
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| Feedback the provides performers with error-correction information; this feedback can be either descriptive or prescriptive |
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Definition
| A form of information feedback that provides direction about how to modify the next action |
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| ABSOLUTE FEEDBACK FREQUENCY |
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Definition
| The total number of times feedback is given for a series of performance attempts |
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| RELATIVE FEEDBACK FREQUENCY: |
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Definition
| The percentage of performance attempts for which feedback is given; equal to absolute feedback frequency divided by the number of performance attempt and multiplied by 100. |
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