Term
| what are the two parts of the motor system? |
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Definition
| pyramidal and extra-pyramidal |
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Term
| what are the two parts of the pyramidal motor system? |
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Definition
upper motor neurons orginate in precentral gyrus and go to spinal cord nad make conection with lower motor neuron lower motor neuron orginate in anterior spinal cord and innervate to indiviudal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and pre-motor neocortex |
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Term
| development of pyrimidal cells |
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Definition
| born early and born early and deposit first and very big |
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Term
| Lower motor neurons for distal muscles that control find motor movements |
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Definition
| are located in the lateral aspects of the spinal cord |
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Term
| what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do nicotinic receptors function |
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Definition
“fast” ionic channels that allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell and depolarize the outer membrane of the muscle fibers. The depolarization wave quickly spreads outward in all directions away from the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
autoimmune disease that attacks acetylcholine nicotinic receptors and impairs the ability of the neuromuscular junction to work |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits acetylcholine esterase, so greater amount of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| happens due to stretching of muscle, then causes burst of neurons to fire to cause thigh to contract |
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Term
| lower motor neuron causes muscle |
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Definition
| to contract when operated |
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Term
| what is and what does it do (muscle spindle) |
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Definition
receptors embedded in skeletal muscle tissue that are senstive to changes in length (stretch deterctors relays back to sensory neurons) also inhibit muscles to allow competing ones to move |
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Term
| how does one maintain a steady role of contraction |
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Definition
| with muscle spindles and lower motor neuron (alpha) |
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Term
| what sets tone of spindals |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the flexor reflex? |
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Definition
| reflex to painful stimuli, sends message to motor neurons to contract muscles |
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Term
| contralateral extensor reflex |
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Definition
| after painful stimuli and retract leg, then this reflex comes in to straighten the opposite leg |
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Term
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Definition
stretch receptors, sense when muscle is under tension provide feedback on force not stretch can excite or inhibit muscle activity |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neglect like ignoring everything on left |
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Term
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Definition
Spasticity and rigidity, resistance to passive movements (neurons fire simultaneously) increased spinal reflexes,weakness (can’t control muscles) •Release of inhibition by the brain, get back reflexes that should be gone like babinski |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of both upper and lower neuron due to degerenation |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased or absent spinal reflexes, flacid paralysis, muscle atrophy and fasiculation |
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Term
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Definition
| when little section of muscle decides that it is missing acetylcholine and speckle themselves with nicotinic receptors hoping to get stimulation, near by acetylcholine might wander over and causes little muscle spasm |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons become active just prior and during movement, provide smooth movement and control repetitve tasks |
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Term
| loss of cerebellum causes... |
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Definition
| impaired execution of movement, tremors, dysmetria (trouble judginng distances), disarythria (trouble speaking), nestagmus (eye wobble) |
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Term
what does the majority of the cortex output do? |
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Definition
| talks to the cerebellum to coordinate movements |
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Term
| What are the componenets of the extra-pyramidal system |
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Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and basal ganglia |
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Term
| what does the basal ganglia do? |
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Definition
| helps us to move better (smile, moving hands and other limbs) |
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration of the basal ganglia and caudate nucleus |
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Term
| what are some early symptoms of huntingtons? |
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Definition
| motor problems,slight uncontrollable movements, stumbling, lack of concentration and short term memory lapses or aggressive |
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Term
| what are long term effects of huntingtons |
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Definition
difficulty in speech and swallowing, emotional changes (tied to dopamine) resulting in stubbornness, frustration, mood swings, impaired concentration |
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Term
| Where is dopamine released? |
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Definition
| in basal ganglia from neurons that orginate in substantia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
| severe degeneration of dopamine neurons |
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Term
| what are some symptoms of parkinsons |
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Definition
•Difficult to initiate normal movements or stop movements once initiated. •Lack of facial expressions. •“Pill rolling” resting tremor of hands and feet that worsens over time. (looks like rolling pill in fingers which is due to loss of dopamine) •Slowed movements. |
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Term
| What is the substantia nigra? |
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Definition
black substance, these dopamine containing neurons have iron pigment, literally rusts, give it the brown appearance, oxygen will them make free radicals that kills them |
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