Term
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Definition
PLAN
§Cognitive- the intent to communicate
§Cortex
§Disorders: dementia, TBI
§They know they want to talk but can’t
§Linguistic- words and sounds
§Cortex
§Disorders: aphasia
§Know what they want to say but can’t express it
PROGRAM
§Motor Speech- selection and organization of motor commands
§Cortex
§Disorders: apraxia of speech
§Sequence of planning muscles when volitional (versus automatic speech or reflexive speech)
EXECUTE
§Neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction
§Cortex/UMN, LMN, BG, Cerebellum
§Disorders: dysarthrias
§Executions piece, muscles don’t work
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Term
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Definition
“a collective name for a group of speech disorders resulting
from disturbances in muscular control over the
speech mechanism due to damage of the central or
peripheral nervous system. It designates problems in oral
communications due to paralysis, weakness, o
incoordination of the speech musculature.” (Darley
Aonson & Brown, 1969, definition reprinted in Duff, p. 5)
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Term
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Definition
§Flaccid dysarthria
§Spastic dysarthria- bilat UMN lesion
§Ataxic dysarthria
§Hyperkinetic dysarthria
§Hypokinetic dysarthria
§Unilateral UMN dysarthria
§Mixed dysarthria
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Term
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Definition
“a neurogenic speech disorder resulting from impairment
of the capacity to program sensorimotor command
for the positioning and movement of muscles for the
volitional/production of speech. It can occur without
significant weakness or neuromuscular slowness and in the
absence of disturbance of conscious thought or
language.” (Darley, 1965; reprinted in Duffy, p.5)
§ Nothing is wrong with language but the programming/planning is damaged!
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Term
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Definition
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§Apraxic gait: problems initiating, broken movement
§Ataxic gait: problems during the movement
§Oral apraxia- ex. “stick out your tongue”; move articulators
§Verbal apraxia- ex. groping sounds, auto speech is fine, can’t describe cookie picture
§Ideational apraxia- lost the ideational purpose of an object (ex. brush hair with fork)
§Ideomotor apraxia- inablity to imitate an action (ex. “pretend to open a door”
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Term
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Definition
§Respiration
§Phonation
§Vocal quality
§Pitch
§Loudness
§Resonance
§Articulation
§Precision
§Rate
§Prosody
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Term
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Definition
§The rate and depth of respiration are controlled by respiratory neurons in the brainstem.
§The respiratory neurons in the brainstem activate motor neurons in the spinal cord causing the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract.
§Diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve which is formed from the cervical nerves C3, C4 and C5.
§“C3 through 5 stayin’ alive”
§Unlike the beating of the heart, breathing may be brought under voluntary control within limits.
§ We breath 15-18x/min and exchange about 500ml of air.
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Term
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Definition
- Pitch
- Loudness
- Quality
- Coordination
- Resonance
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Term
| Auditory Perceptual Characteristics |
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Definition
§Imprecise consonants
§Consonant errors
§Prolonged phonemes
§Distorted vowels
§Irregular articulatory breakdowns
§Intelligibility
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Term
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Definition
§Strength- of muscles to perform actions/sounds
§Speed- of speech associated with decreased range of motion
§Range- of motion of articulators; excessive=slow speech, little=fast speech
§Steadiness- rhythmic tremors/beating; shaking and increase in amplitude with more oscillations
§Tone- excessive (hypertonic) or reduced (hypotonic)
§Accuracy- errors from all of these above
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Term
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Definition
§Oral motor examination
§Face
§Jaw
§Lips
§Tongue
§Velum
§Teeth
****Know your cranial nerves*****
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Term
| Evaluation of Respiration |
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Definition
§Breath support
§Maximum phonation time (sustain “ah”)
§Norms for Adult males 23-35 seconds (elderly males 13-18)
§Norms for Adult females 15-26 seconds
(elderly females 10-15)*
§Water glass manometer- blow bubbles an maintain breath support time
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Term
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Definition
§Normal
§Gag
§Take note of changes
§Primitive
§Jaw jerk (there should be no mvmt)
§Rooting/suck (lips move/breast feed)
§Snout stimulation, bottom lip lifts
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Term
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Definition
§Alternating Motion Rates (AMRs)
§/p/, /t/, /k/
§Average of 5-7 repetitions per second
§Sequential Motion Rates (SMRs)
§/p,t,k/
§Buttercup
§Hard for apraxics to motor plan/sequence and ataxics for coordination
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Term
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Definition
§Intelligibility
§Sentence intelligibility test (SIT)
§Word Intelligibility Test
§Comprehensibility
§Horrible intelligibility but still able to get the message across ex. prosody intonation, gesture
§Efficiency
§How efficient to get message across; ex. “Tan” used only one word
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Term
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Definition
§Assessment of Intelligibility in Dysarthric Speech (AIDS/ASSIDS)(Yorkston & Beukelman, 1984)
§Designed to assess intelligibility (respirations, phonation, resonance, intonation, prosody ,etc)
§2 parts: single words and sentences
§Computerized version called Sentence Intelligibility Test (SIT)
§Age 13-adult
§Gives your word rate measurement (speed)
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Term
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Definition
§Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment (FDA) (Enderby, 1983)
§Divided into 11 sections: reflex, respiration, lips, jaw, palate, larynx, tongue, intelligibility, rate, sensation, and associated factors (ex. tremor)
§Each area rated on a 9 point scale
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