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Definition
| activities or tasks that require voluntary head, body, and/or limb movement to achieve a goal. |
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Term
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| The study of the acquisition of motor skills, the performance enhancement of learned or highly experienced motor skills, or the reacquisition of skills that are difficult to perform or cannot be performed because of injury, disease, and the like. Of interest are the behavioral and/or neurological changes that occur as a person learns a motor skill and the variables that influence those changes. |
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Definition
| the study of how our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill. Researchers may investigate this question while a person is learning a new skill or performing a well-learned or highly experienced skill. |
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| the study of human development from infancy to old age with specific interest in issues related to either motor learning or motor control. |
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A. an activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to acheive;
B. an indicator of quality of performance. |
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| term used synonymously with 'motor skills' |
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| behavioral characteristics of specific limbs or a combination of limbs that are component parts of an action or motor skill. |
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| a motor skill that requires the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill. |
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| a motor skill that requires control of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill; typically involves eye-hand coordination and requires a high degree of precision of hand and finger movement. |
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| a motor skill with clearly defined movement beginning and end points, usually requiring a simple movement such as flipping a light switch. |
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| a motor skill with arbitrary movement beginning and end points. These skills usually involve repetitive movements. |
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| a motor skill involving a series of discrete skills. |
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| the supporting surface, objects, and/or other people involved in the environment in which a skill is performed. |
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| a motor skill performed in a stationary environment where the performer determines when to begin the action. |
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| a classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of the group of items or objects being classified |
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| characteristics of the environmental context that determine (i.e. regulate) the movement characteristics needed to perform an action. |
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Definition
| an environmental characteristic in Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills. The term refers to whether the regulatory conditions associated with the performance of a skill in one situation or for one trial are present or absent in the next situation or trial. |
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| Performance outcome measures |
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Definition
| a category of motor skill performance measures that indicates the outcomes or result of performing a motor skill (e.g. how far a person walked, how fast a person ran a certain distance, or how many degrees a person flexed a knee) |
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| Performance production measures |
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Definition
| a category of motor skill performance measures that indicates the performance of specific aspects of the motor control system during the performance of an action (e.g. limb kinematics, force, EEG, EMG, etc) |
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Definition
| the interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response (e.g. the amount of time between the "go" signal for a swimming sprint race start and the beginning of the feet moving off the starting block). |
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Definition
| the interval of time between the initiation of a movement and the completion of the movement |
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| the time interval involving both reaction time and movement time; that is, the time from the onset of a signal (stimulus) to the completion of a response. |
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| the reaction time when the situation involves only one signal (stimulus) that requires only one response. |
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| the reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal and each signal requires its own specified response. |
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Definition
| the reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal but only one response, which is to only one of the signals; the other signals require no response. |
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Definition
| the unsigned derivation from the target or criterion, representing amount of error. A measure of the magnitude of an error without regard to the direction of the derivation. |
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Definition
| the signed (+/-) deviation from the target or criterion, it represents amount and direction of error and serves as a measure of performance bias. |
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Definition
| an error score representing the variability (or conversely, the consistency) of performance. |
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| Root Mean-Squared Error (RMSE) |
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Definition
| an error measure used for continuous skills to indicate the amount of error between the performance curve produced and the criterion performance curve for a specific amount of time during which performance is sampled. |
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Definition
| the description of motion without regard to force or mass; it includes displacement, velocity; and acceleration. |
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| a kinematic measure describing changes in the spatial positions of a limb or joint during the time course of the movement. |
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Definition
| a kinematic measure describing the rate of change of an object's position with respect to time. It is derived by dividing displacement by time (e.g. m/sec, km/hr.) |
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| a kinematic measure that describes change in velocity during movement |
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| the study of the role of force as a cause of motion |
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Definition
| a measurement technique that records for the electrical activity of a muscle or group of muscles. It indicates the muscle activity. |
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| Electroencephalography (EEG) |
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Definition
| records brain activity - is recorded as waves, which are identified on the basis of the speed of the rhythmic activity. |
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Definition
| functional magnetic resonance imaging: brain scanning technique that assess changes in blood flow to certain areas of the brain. |
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Definition
| ranges from 0 to 360 degrees, which indicates an in-phase relationship between the limb segments or limbs, to 180 degrees, which indicates an antiphase (or out of phase relationship) |
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Definition
| a general trait or capacity of an individual that is a determinant of a person's achievement potential for the performance of specific skills |
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Definition
| an ability that is specifically related to the performance of a motor skill |
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Term
| General Motor Ability hypothesis |
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Definition
| a hypothesis that maintains that the many different motor abilities that exist in an individual are highly related and can be characterized in terms of a singular, global motor ability (false?) |
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| Specificity of Motor abilities hypothesis |
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Definition
| a hypothesis that maintains that the many motor abilities in an individual are relatively independent. |
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Definition
| the ability to maintain postural stability on a stable surface or when not engaging in locomotor activities (standing while reading a book) |
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Definition
| the ability to maintain postural stability on a moving surface or when engaging in locomotor activities (walking on a sidewalk) |
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Definition
| the ability to see clearly and precisely |
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Definition
| the ability to visually follow a moving object |
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| Eye-hand or eye-foot coordination |
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Definition
| the ability to perform skills requiring vision and the precise use of hands or feet. |
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Definition
| a nerve cell; the basic component of the nervous system. |
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Definition
| extensions from a neuron's cell body that receive neural impulses from other neurons; a neuron may have none or as many as thousands of dendrites. |
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Term
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Definition
| also called nerve fibers; extensions from a neuron's cell body that transmit neural impulses to other neurons, structures in the CNS, or Muscles; a neuron has only one axon, although most axons branch into many branches. |
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Term
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Definition
| also called afferent neurons; nerve cells that send neural impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers |
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Definition
| also called efferent neurons; nerve cells that send neural impulses to the CNS |
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Definition
| specialized nerve cells that originate and terminate in the brain or spinal cord; they function between axons descending from the brain and synapse on motor neurons, and between the axons from sensory nerves and the spinal nerves ascending to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain structure in the forebrain that consists of two halves, known as the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| the undulating, wrinkly, gray colored surface of the cerebrum; it is a thin tissue of nerve cell bodies (about 2-5 mm thick) called gray matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral cortex area located posterior to the central sulcus; it includes several specific regions that receive sensory nerves specific to that type of information. |
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Definition
| a cerebral cortex area located in the frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus; it contains motor neurons that send axons to specific skeletal muscles throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cerebral cortex area located in the frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex |
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Term
| Supplementary motor area (SMA) |
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Definition
| a cerebral cortex area located on the medial surface of the frontal lobe adjacent to portions of the primary motor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of the cerebral cortex that plays an important role in the control of voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a subcortical collection of nuclei buried within the cerebral hemispheres; they play an important role in the planning and initiation and movement and the control of antagonist muscles during movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a basal ganlia disorder caused by the lack of production of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Characterized by BART: bradykinesis (slow movements), akinesia (low movement), Rigidity of the muscles, and tremors. |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of the forebrain located between the cerebrum and the brainstem; it contains the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain structure located behind the cerebral hemispheres and attached to the braistem; it is covered by the cerebellar cortex and is divided into two hemispheres; it plays a key role in the execution of smooth and accurate movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| a brain structure located directly under the cerebral hemispheres and connected to the spinal cord; it contains three areas that are significantly involved in motor control: the pons, medulla, and reticular formation |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of brain structures consisting of parts of the frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and hypothalamus and the nerve fibers that interconnect these parts and other CNS structures; it is involved in the learning of motor skills |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neural pathways in the spinal cord and brainstem that connect with the various sensory areas of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neural pathways that descend from the brain through the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| the alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates; it serves as the functional unit of motor control for the innervation of the muscles involved in movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of increasing the number of motor units needed to increase the number of muscle fibers active at any one time and thereby increase the amount of force the muscle can exert. |
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