Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
simple reflexes that include brief muscle activation
Ex: moving a hand |
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Definition
complex, sequential behaviors
Ex: putting on a jacket |
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Term
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Definition
a set of muscle commands established before the action occurs
Ex: Speech |
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Term
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Definition
| records the electrical activity of muscles (act) |
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Term
1. Closed-loop Control Mechanisms
2. Open-loop Control Mechanism (actually not a loop) |
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Definition
| 2 forms of control mechanism that optimize accuracy and speed |
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Term
| Closed-Loop Control Mechanisms |
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Definition
information from what is being controlled flows back to the controlling device
- maximes accuracy; slow, sustained motions |
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Term
| Open-loop Control Mechanism |
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Definition
There is no external feedback and the activity is pre-programmed
- maximizes speed |
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Term
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Definition
movements that are completed no matter what sensory feedback is received
- rapid movements |
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Term
- the skeletal system and attached muscles allow for movement
- the spinal cord controls skeletal muscles
- the brainstem integrates motor commands |
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Definition
| Hierarchy of Motor Control |
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Term
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Definition
| initiates cortical processing |
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Term
1. Nonprimary Cortex
2. Primary Motor Cortex |
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Definition
| 2 corteces that initiate cortical processing |
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Term
| Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia |
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Definition
| modulate activities of these control systems, sometimes via the thalamus |
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Term
1. Hinge Joint - ex: knee
2. Ball-and-Socket - ex: hip
3. Ellipsoidal Joint - ex: wrist |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
controlled by the autonomic nervous system
- in heart and stomach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
connect muscle to bone
- collagen fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles that contract when others extend |
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Term
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Definition
muscles that act together
- do the same type of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 types of filaments that make up muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
1. Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers
2. Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers |
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Definition
| 2 types of striated muscles |
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Term
| Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers |
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Definition
| contract rapidly but fatigue easily |
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Term
| Slow-twitch Muscle Fibers |
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Definition
contract more slowly but are resistant to fatigue
- mainly postural muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells in the spinal cord that send their axons to innervate muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| neurotransmitter used in all muscle contraction |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
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Definition
| where the motoneuron terminal and the muscle fiber meet |
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Term
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Definition
| a motoneuron's axon and all of its target fibers |
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Term
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Definition
the number of fibers innervated by an axon
- fine movement, low ratio 1:1
- lot of force, high ratio |
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Term
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Definition
refers to recruitment of motoneurons according to size:
- weak contraction activates small, slow-twitch muscle fiber
- strong contraction activates larger, fast-twitch fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of information about body movements and position |
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Term
1. Muscle Spindles
2. Golgi Tendon Organs |
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Definition
| 2 kinds of proprioceptive receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lie within each muscle spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| lie outside the muscle spindle |
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Term
1. Primary Sensory Endings
2. Secondary Sensory Endings |
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Definition
| 2 kinds of receptor endings on intrafusal fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| wrap the center of the intrafusal fiber |
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Term
| Secondary Sensory Endings |
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Definition
| wrap the ends of the spindle |
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Term
1. The rate of change of muscle length
2. The necessary force exerted to maintain the desired activity |
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Definition
| 2 factors affecting muscle stretch |
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Term
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Definition
maximally sensitive early in a stretch
- what primary endings are |
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Term
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Definition
they change rate slowly and are more sensitive to maintained length
- what secondary endings are |
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Term
| Gamma Motoneurons/Gamma Efferents |
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Definition
| alter tension within the spindle and control receptor sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
| go to the extrafusal muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| responsive to muscle contraction, but not to stretch |
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Term
1. Weight is added
2. The muscle is stretched
3. Excitation of muscle spindle afferents
4. Excitation of motoneurons
5. Muscle is stimulated to oppose stretch |
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Definition
| 5 steps of the stretch reflex at the spinal level |
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Term
| Central Pattern Generator |
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Definition
the neural circuitry responsible for rhythmic behavior
Ex: walking |
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Term
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Definition
| innervate muscles of the head and neck |
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Term
1. Pyramidal System/Corticospinal System
2. Extrapyramidal System |
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Definition
| 2 pathways the brain sends commands through |
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Term
| Primary Motor Cortex (M1)/Precentral Gyrus |
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Definition
| where many axons in the pyramidal tract originate from |
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Term
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Definition
| lies anterior to M1, and has two main regions |
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Term
| Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) |
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Definition
| initiates sequences of movements |
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Term
1. Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
2. Premotor Cortex |
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Definition
| 2 parts of the nonprimary cortex |
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Term
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Definition
contains neurons that fire just before performing an activity
- grouped by type of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the same neurons fire when observing another doing the task |
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Term
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Definition
| includes motor tracts that do not run through the pyramidal tracts of medulla |
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Term
1. Reticular Formation
2. Rubrospinal Tract |
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Definition
| 2 ways the extrapyramidal system communicates to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
modulate movement
- inhibitory and excitatory effects descend to the spinal cord through the reticulospinal tract |
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Term
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Definition
originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain
- terminates in the spinal column and regulates motor output |
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Term
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Definition
| forebrain nuclei that modulate movement |
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Term
| Caudate Nucleus and Putamen |
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Definition
| together are know as the striatum |
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Term
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Definition
| made of the caudate nucleus and putamen |
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Term
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Definition
only send inhibitory messages
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is correlated with SMA activity but not with M1 |
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