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Definition
| The study of postures and movements and the mechansims that underlie them |
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| Theories of motor control... |
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| Must address the "what" and "how" of human control |
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| A general principal used to account for certain observable phenomena |
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| A tentative state or explanation for observed events, which can then be tested by conducting a scientific experiment |
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| Open Loop System of Control |
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Definition
| Movements of short duration and many well-learned skills... |
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| The interruption or destruction of the afferent connections of nerve cells, performed esp. in animal experiments to demonstrate the spontaneity of locomotor movement |
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| Closed-loop system of control |
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Definition
| used to perform slow and precise movements |
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| Sherrington considered... |
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| reflex to be the fundamental unit of motor control |
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| physical events occuring in the environment served as the stimulus for action, triggering a chain of individual reflex circuits that were responsible for producing a movement response |
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| the acquisition of movement patterns and motor skills as the linking of individual movements into a chain of behavior, triggered by external response |
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| were more interested in studying the observable outcomes than underlying processes of motor control |
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| is not essential for the execution of all movements |
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| Higher Cortical Centers... |
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Definition
| command lower centers to carry out prescribed movements |
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| prestructured sets of motor commands developed in the cereberal cortex |
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| Hierarchical Theories assume... |
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Definition
| that all aspects of movement planning and execution are the sole responsibility of one or more cortical centers representing the highest command level wihin the hierrarchy of the CNS |
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| Motor Programs are beleived to consist of... |
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Definition
| prestructured sets of motor commands that are constructed at the highest cortical levels and then conveyed to the lowest centers |
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| It's complexity increases |
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Definition
| The time to initiate a movement increases as... |
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Definition
| time from stimulus to start of actual movement |
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| Limb Blocking studies demonstrated... |
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Definition
| that muscle activation patterns are planned in advance for short duration movements |
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-abstract representation of movement
-invariant and variant features
-motor equivalence
-parameter specification
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Definition
| The GMP is comprised of... |
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| A generalized motor program (GMP) |
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Definition
| is more abstract in structure and can be applied to a broader range of movements |
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Definition
| the ability to perform the same movement using different muscle groups |
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| focusing more on the perceptual interface between the individual and the environment |
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Definition
| self-organized. It results form the interaction of subsystems, and no single subsystem is capable of prescribing the entire action |
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| preferred patterns of behavior called attractor states |
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Definition
| According to the dynamical theory Individuals Adopt... |
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| alone can constrain the type of movement behavior observed |
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| a gradual and linear manner |
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| Not all changes in movement behavior proceed in... |
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| any variable that when altered can lead to changes in the pattern of coordinatin produced by the dynamic system |
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| Order Parameters are used to... |
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Definition
| quantify the effect of a change in behavior on a dynamic system |
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Definition
| Attempts to discover and then explain how lawful properties, or affordances, permit action |
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| Motor Program theories better... |
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Definition
| explain a performer's action in rule-based sport settings |
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| Dynamical and ecological approaches |
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Definition
| Approaches that explain how well-learned skills are performed |
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| Theories of motor control |
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Definition
| must be able to account for multiple characteristics of human action |
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Term
| Recruiting different muscles and joints to perform the same action |
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Definition
| Flexibility of action is achieved by... |
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| Performed in exactly the same way |
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Definition
| No two movements are ever... |
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| The temporal and spatial characteristics of movement... |
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Definition
| remain relatively stable between performances |
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| as they are being performed |
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Definition
| Skilled performers can modify actions... |
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how actions are performed consistently
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Definition
| The reflex theory of motor control can only explain |
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Definition
| the number of ways in which any given unit of control is capable of moving |
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| One solution to the degrees-of-freedom problem |
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Definition
| constrain muscles and joints to work together to produce the desired result |
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Definition
| The ability to prepare the muscles prior to movement |
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| outcome measures and process measures |
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| 2 types of psychological measures |
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Definition
| timing and duration of the cognitive operation involved in the planning of voluntary movements |
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| Chronometry and perforamce errors |
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Definition
| types of errors that measure response outcomes at a psychological level of analysis |
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Definition
| the time interval between presentation of a signal and the initial movement |
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Term
| Simple Reaction Time (SRT): |
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Definition
| involves one external stimulus and one possible response |
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| Choice Reaction Time (CRT): |
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Definition
| involves multiple stimuli and multiple possible responses |
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| Discrimimation Reaction Time(DRT): |
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Definition
| involves multiple possible stimuli and multiple possible responses, with only a single correct response(go/no go) |
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| Fractioned Reaction Time (FRT): |
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Definition
| using electromyography RT can be fractionated into premotor and motor components |
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Definition
| believed to reflect the time required to develop the plan of action and send it to the musculaturte involved |
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Definition
| Represents the mechanical processes associated with the action |
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| separate cognitive from mechanical processes |
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Definition
| The Fraction of RT into premotor and motor components has made it possible to... |
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-Number of response choices
-Complexity of the responses
-Accuracy demands
-Alcohol and RT |
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Definition
Variables Influenceing Reaction Time
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Definition
Number of response choices causes RT to...
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| The more complex the response results in... |
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| As accuracy demands increase... |
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| decreases to a certain point |
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Definition
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Definition
| With alcohol intake RT... |
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Definition
| defined as the time interval between the start of a movement and it's completion |
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| Total Response Time (TRT): |
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Definition
| defined as the time from the iniation of the stimulus until the movement is completed |
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| One-dimensional motor task: |
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Definition
| movements that require accuracy when performed in a single plane of motion or dimension |
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| Two-dimensional movement skills: |
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Definition
| Movements that require accuracy when performed in two planes or dimensions of movement |
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Definition
| measures the over all amount of error in performance |
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Definition
| Represents the subject's average error in responding. CE is reported in units that represent the amount of deviation from the target |
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Definition
| Measures the inconsistency in responding. It represents the variability of a subject's performance about the subject's average response |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides an overall measure of performance. It is a derived combination of CE and VE |
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Term
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Definition
| is commonly used to assess accuracy of performance in two-dimensional motor skills |
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Definition
| used to measure the qualities of motion without regard to force |
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Definition
| position, velocity, acceleration, displacement |
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Definition
| help us understand why it is possible to achieve similar movement outcomes using different levels of force |
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Term
-Surface Recordings
-Intracellular Recordings
-Brain Scanning Techniques |
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Definition
| Types of Neurological Measures: |
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Term
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Definition
| Evoked potentials - non-invasive method used to record event-related electrical activity within the brain |
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Intracellular Recordings:
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Definition
| Used to explore the internal operations of individual brain cells |
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| Brain Scanning Techniques |
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Definition
| used to detect abnormalities in areas of the CNS and/or study dynamic brain function |
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Term
-Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
-Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| 3 Brain Scanning Techniques: |
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Definition
| illustrate how a particular joint is controlled during a movement |
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Definition
| describe the changing relationship between two limb segments during a movement |
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Definition
| describe how various muscle groups in the leg and trunk are activated when we attempt to restore balance |
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Term
-Reflex
-Hierarchical
-Dynamic Systems |
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Definition
| 3 Theories of Motor Control |
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Term
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Definition
| The reflex is the fundamental unit of motor control driving ALL voluntary movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes that movement planning/execution are the sole responsibility of one or more cortical centers |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor behavior results from the interactions of multiple subsystems |
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Term
-Physical events serve as the stimulus for action
-The individual is a passive recipient of externally produced sensory input |
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Definition
| Reflex Model, Basic Assumptions: |
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| -Simple explanation of how movements are controlled |
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Definition
| Strengths of Reflex Model: |
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Term
-Too simple to account for a person's ability to perform a wide variet of goal-directed actions
-Unable to account for movements performed in the absence of sensory information |
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Definition
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Term
-Planning/execution are the sole responsibility of one or more cortical centers
-Memory Representations |
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Definition
| Hierarchical Model, Basic Assumptions: |
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Term
-Accounts for the ability to perform movements in the absence of feedback
-The GMP allows the performance of a variety of movements by manipulating parameters
-New movements are possible |
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Definition
| Strengths of Hierarchical Model: |
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Term
Basic Assumptions of the Ecological Approach
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Definition
-Affordances - lawful properties of the environment
-Optical properties specific to an affordance can directly trigger action
-Continuous interaction occuring between the processes of perceiving and acting |
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Term
| -Self-organization -individuals adopt attractor states -changes in behavior -new movement patterns emerge |
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Definition
| 4 Assumptions of Dynamical Approaches |
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