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Motivation
Exam Three
35
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/06/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Six Basic Emotions
Definition

Fear

Anger

Happiness

Sadness

Disgust

Surprise

*These reflect our effort to cope with the world*

Term
Emotion is a Product of These Four Influences:
Definition

Physiological Arousal

Cognitive Appraisal (what we think)

The Subjective Experience (our internal feelings)

Behavior (expression of this experience)

Term
Sides of the brain, Strokes and Emotion Associated
Definition

Stroke on Frontal Left Side: Sour Cynical Depressed

Stroke on Frontal Right Side: Carefree

Term

Escape-Avoidance

(Escape Conditioning)

Definition

When shocked the animal jumps from one compartment to the next (escaping reinforcer)

- OR-

The animal makes a response before the shock is presented (avoidance)

-Model for Depression: when we can't escape it leads to depression-

Term
One-way Active Avoidance
Definition

-Involves activation of response (shouting, lever pressing)

-One compartment is always safe, one is dangerous

Term
Two-way Active Avoidance
Definition
- Compartments are both safe and dangerous
Term
Discriminative Avoidance
Definition

- More cortical involvement (understanding where "you" are going)

- If the rat is in a maze and gets shocked in every location at the maze except one, the rat will find the safe spot based on the discriminative stimuli

-The rat has to think about where he is going

Term
Unsignaled Avoidance
Definition
-The CS and US are NOT presented in a temporally contiguous way
- If the animal does not respond to the CS it is because the animal becomes sensitized
- Exclusively unpaired- the CS and US are never presented in closer time intervals
Term
Passive Avoidance
Definition

- Preventing the response

- Stays on lighted (safe) side

(in another condition the animal is on a platform and when he steps off he is shocked)

- The effects of the shock decays as time goes on after the shock

Term
3 Methods of Renewal of Fear
Definition

 

(1) Extensive extinction does not work well

 

(2) Explicitly unpaired training eliminates renewal

 

(3) Inhibitor treatments are maximally effective

Term

 

Brain Mechanisms of Fear 

 

Auditory Delay Conditioning

Definition
Medial Geniculate Auditory C --> FrontoTemporal Amygdala
Term

 

Brain Mechanisms of Fear 

 

Auditory Trace Conditioning

Definition
Anterior Cingulate C. & Hippocampus --> Frontotemporal Amygdala
Term

 

Brain Mechanisms of Fear

 

Central Nucleus (CE)

Definition

 

Brainstem

 

Hypothalamus

 

perisqueductal Gray

Term

 

 Brain Mechanisms of Fear

 

Brain Stem

Definition

 

Reflex modulation

 

Autonomic Arousal

Term

 

Brain Mechanisms of Fear

 

Hypothalamus

Definition

 

Autonomic Arousal

 

Stress Hormone

Term

 

Brain Mechanisms of Fear

 

Perinqueductal Gray

Definition

 

Freezing

 

Analgesia

Term

 

Brain Mechanisms of Fear 

 

Ventral Striatum

Definition

 

Instumental Behavior

Term

 

Fear Conditioning Circuitry

(auditory)

Definition

 

- Learn to fear a tone

- The tone acquires the capacity to elicit defensive reastions (freezing)

- Tone and Shock stimuli converge in lateral amgydala (LA)

- LA communicates with the central nucleus (CE) which mediates freezing behavior

- The LA connects with the CE directly and by way of connections to other amygdala areas (inetercalated cell masses (ICM) which gate output and basal nucleus (B) which processes contextual information from the hippocampus

Term

 

Fear Extinction: neural model

 

Stages of Fear Extinction in regards to Amygdala, Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, and Hippocampus

Definition

(1) T-trials cause amygdala neurons to decrease firing rate, through fear learning reversal and/or new inhibitory rate

(2) The inhibitory memory trace between the cmPFC and the LA and. or (ICM) is established

(3a) after extinction learning, the vmPFC suppresses activity in the amygdala through inhibition of LA neurons and/ or activation of the ICM-resulting in rapid decrease of freezing behavior

(3b) Meanwhile, hippo-based contextual memory modulates neural activity of the vmPFC and/or LA but not through basal amygdala (B)during extinction expression to regulate the animal's behavioral response (decrease freezing behavior) if in the appropriate environment

Term

 

Unconditioned Fears

Definition

 

Open Spaces (agarophobia)

 

Large/intense objects (startle reflex)

Term

 

Acquisition of fear

Definition

 

Conditioning (individual experience)

 

Social learning (vicarious experience)

Term

 

Elimination

Definition

 

Extinction

 

Counterconditioning

Term

 

4 Examples of Relapse

Definition

Spontaneous Recovery

 

Reinstatement

 

Disinhibition

 

Renewal

Term

 

Reacquisition

Definition

 

Reexposure to the Pavlovian pairing

Term
Skills of Emotional Framework
Definition

(1) Identify/Percieve/Express Emotion

(2) Standing Emotions - transistions of emotion

(3) Using Emotions- to think clear and deductively

(4) Managing Emotions- organize skills around regulating emotions

Term

Two-Factor Theory

Definition

(1) First the body is aroused (physioloical)

 

(2) Person tried to figure out why they feel the arousal

Term
Negativity Bias
Definition

We pay more attention to negative stimuli than positive stimuli

Term
Two Forms of Learning
Definition

(1) Conditioning- personal experience essential- "something that happened before made me afraid now"

 

(2) Social Learning- learning from social situations in which you encounter

(Vicarious Learning- learn from things that happen to others)

Term
Two Ways to Reverse Phobias
Definition

(1) Extinction

 

(2) Profit Conditioning

Term
Fear Conditioning
Definition
try to teach fear to an animal (or human)
Term
Temporal Contiguity
Definition
The time associated between the CS and the US
Term

Spatial Contiguity

Definition
The amount of space between the CS and US
Term
Suppression Ratio
Definition

(1) Count the number of responses that you get during the CS period

 

(2) Compare that to what the animal was doing in a period of equal length that is merely before the CS

 

**The closer the value to Zero, the more suppression

**The closer to zero, the stronger the dear conditioning, the closer to 5 the weaker the fear conditioning

**The more suppression, the more fear

Term

Coincidence Detector

Definition

convergence of inputs into a single neuron

 

(consolidating like stimuli and responses)

Term
Extinction has two coping problems
Definition

(1) active inhibition of the acquired fear related pathways

 

(2) the context of the situation has to be taken in account more than in acquisition

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