Term
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Definition
| the urge to move toward one's goals or and to accomplish those tasks |
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Term
| 3 things that contribute to motivation: |
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Definition
Needs- biological neccesities to function (food, water, oxygen)
Drives- Preceived state of tension (hunger, thirst, makes you, internal)
Incentives- Bribes/rewards, after, external |
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Term
| What are the 4 Models of Motivation? |
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Definition
1. evolutionary
2. drive reduction model
3. optimal arousal model
4. Hierarchial Model |
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Term
| What is the evolutionary Model of Motivation? |
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Definition
| humans want those things that helo them survice and reproduce. Has to do with internal dirves. Evolution has shaped our behaviors to help us to reach those goals. In most cases, we are unaware that our behavior is related to our biological drives. |
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Term
| What is the Drive reduction Model? |
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Definition
| When physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driver to reduce that depleted state. |
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Term
| Under the drive reduction Model, homeostasis and set point do what? |
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Definition
Homeostasis- process all organisms work to maintain physio equilibruim or balance around an optimal set point
Set point- the ideal fixed setting of a particular physio system |
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Term
| What is the optimal arousal model? |
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Definition
| we perform at our best when arousal stimulus is neither too much or too low. |
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Term
| What is the Yerkes-Dotson law- |
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Definition
| the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance |
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Term
| What is the hierarchial model of motivation? |
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Definition
maslow, 1970
needs changes from most basic phsyio nec. to the highest psych needs for growth and fulfilment. |
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Term
| What is at the top of the hierarchial model? |
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Definition
| self actualization- the inherent drive to realize one's full potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| rate at which we consume energy produced by an intrxn between internal biological processes and external enviro ones. |
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Term
| What does the biology of hunger determine? |
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Definition
When we eat
-stomach growling (caused by secretions)
-Glucose: simple sugar that provides energy
-Hypothalamus- communicates bodily needs to brain for behavior.
Hormones- several types play a role in hunger |
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Term
| Psychology of hunger determines? |
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Definition
What we eat.
Factors: sight, small, and cultural preferences of food. |
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Term
Thinness and obesity:
fat is?
Our culture's view?
BMI in US?
Genetics? |
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Definition
fat stores energy for future use, but food is no longer scarce and we are more sednentary now.
Our culture values thinness and one of the key components of attractiveness. 70% of girls 14-21 say they are on a diet.
1/3 of US is obese, 1//3 is overweight.
Genes appear responsible for 70% of adult weight. |
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Term
What is sexual behavior?
Macro level purpose-
Micro level purpose- |
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Definition
actions that produce arousal and increase likliness of orgasm.
Macro- propogate our own genes and species
Micro- enjoyable |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of sexual arousal? |
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Definition
excitment
plateau
orgasm
resolution |
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Term
| The phases for women are more: |
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Definition
psychological, women connect it to intamacy, trust, closness, and thus make it more difficult for women.
for men its just physical. |
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Term
| Do the phases differ for men and women? |
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Definition
| Men have the same trajectory in sex, and in women in varies more. |
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Term
| what part of the brain is involved in sex? |
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Definition
hypothalamus
It is larger in men than in women |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the amygdala and hippocampus and parts of the cortex involving consciousness |
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Term
| What controls sex drive in males and females? |
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Definition
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Term
| Human females in sex vs other species: |
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Definition
| aren't as cyclical. Initiating sex when ovulating bc it increases the risk of pregnancy (evolutionary component) |
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Term
| Based on a study of attitudes toward premarital and extra marital sex in 190 countiries resulted in: |
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Definition
Ford and Beach, 1951
Three types of societies:
1. Restrictive (No sex outside of marriage)
2. Semirestrictive (not talked about/taboo)
3. Permissive- (no restrictions) |
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Term
| What type of sexual society was more common compared to now? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is more interested in casual sex? Study? Theory? |
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Definition
Men. 1989 study on college question asking 3 questions (go on date, come over, have sex)
Men are more likely bc: Parental Investment Theory |
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Term
| What is the parental investment theory> |
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Definition
| cost of casual sex are higher for women than men. Pregnancy, birth, care for baby falls on women. |
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Term
| What is sexual orientation? |
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Definition
| disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex, same, or both. Found to be a scale, not fully one or the other. Males are generally more one or the other. Same sex parinign are common in other animals |
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Term
| Sexual orientation is a product of? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does nature influence sexual orientation? |
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Definition
hromone exposure in the womb, women who release more testosteron while pregnant cause baby be attracted to females.
Hypothalamus- homo males have smaller hypothalamuses than straight males*correlational doesnt mean cause. |
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Term
| Genetics play a bigger role in determining orientation in |
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Definition
men than women
Female have same orientation when they are growing up together |
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Term
| How does nurture influence sexual orientaiton? |
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Definition
| social construction: children who play with opposite sex become gay, those who play with the same sex are straight. |
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Term
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Definition
| humans have inherent need to connect with other humans |
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Term
| What does rejection cause ? |
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Definition
| increases general health problems, eating disorders, depression, suicide, angry, antisocial behavior. |
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Term
| What is acheivement motivation? |
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Definition
| a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles |
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Term
| Achievement motivation/need to excel is a function of what 3 thigns? |
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Definition
1. motivation to succeed (extent that you want to)
2. Expectation of success (whether you think you can or not)
3. Incentive value of success (how important is it to you) |
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Term
| What does motivation in the workplace deal with? |
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Definition
| how do we make ppl care about their job performance and the company? What awill motvate them to do thier best? |
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Term
| What are the 3 models of employee motivation> |
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Definition
1. Extrinsic
2. Intrinsic
3. Perceived Organizational Support |
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Term
| What is extrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
motivations from outside the person.
Rewards and praises
Operant conditioning by skinner
Money-getting a pay check |
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Term
| What are the limitations to extrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
reward must be constant and be given in increasing amounts.
Doesnt work with creativity
Dampens intrinsic motivation w/in the person |
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Term
| What is intrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
| motivation from within the person |
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Term
| What are the four components of intrinsic motivation? |
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Definition
challenge
enjoyment
mastery
autonomy (free choices) |
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Term
| What are the 4 successful intrinsic motivators for companies? |
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Definition
ideas come from anyone in the company
diversity
idea-generation phase and creative process
work atmosphere that creates positive emotions |
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Term
| What does ideas come from everyone in the company mean? |
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Definition
| not just ideas or higher up people are generating ideas |
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Term
| what does diversity mean? |
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Definition
| age, gender, cultural, ethical |
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Term
| What deos idea-generation and creative process mean? |
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Definition
managers understand when their expertise is needed and when its not
Managers might not be creative, but he can advocate ideas |
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Term
| What does work atmosphere that creates positive emotions mean? |
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Definition
| aids in productivity pride and job satisfaction |
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Term
| What do motives depend on? |
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Definition
• Your goals
• Your employees
• Your culture
• Your company’s age |
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Term
| What is Perceived Organizational Support? |
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Definition
| Employee’s beliefs about how much the org app and supports their contributions and well-being. |
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Term
| What is Perceived Organizational Support associated with? |
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Definition
Associated with:
Increased happiness
Less stress
Increased motivation to stay
Less frequent tardiness and absence. |
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