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Definition
1) drive theory
2) incentive theory
3) evolutionary theories/ humanistic perspective
4) self determination theory |
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| a drive is a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension (physiological needs arouse tension that motivate action) |
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| is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior (we behave in ways that produce values inducememt) |
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| Evolutionary theories/humanistic perspective |
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Definition
| motives of humans and of other species are the products of evolution, just as anatomical characteristics are. They argue that natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success (Evolutionary psychology offers an explanation for gender differences in sexual motivation. Others adopt a more psychological versus biological approach when explaining these differences. It is difficult to differentiate between the influences of evolution and those of culture. ) |
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| Self-determination theory- (SDT) |
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Definition
| is a theory of motivation. It is concerned with supporting our natural or intrinsic tendencies to behave in effective and healthy ways. SDT has been researched and practiced by a network of researchers around the world. The theory was initially developed by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan at the University of Rochester, and has been elaborated and refined by scholars from many countries. Deci and Ryan are professors in the Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology at the University of Rochester, where they direct a pre- and post-doctoral training program focused on SDT. |
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Term
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Definition
| biological and social/hunger and eating motivations, biological factors, glucose, hormones, cues, availability, palatability, variety, quantity, observational learning, cognitive factors such as attitude, habits, and psychological needs, environmental and cultural cues, classical conditioning sights and smells |
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Term
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Definition
Hierarchy of Needs
Low-level needs must be met before trying to satisfy higher-level needs
Self-actualization is to fulfill one’s potential
When blood glucose is low, people become hungry.
Food raises glucose, reduces hunger and eating.
According to U.S. health trends, 1983-2002, Americans are increasingly overweight.
However, Americans are more health conscious in other areas.
Palatability- the better the food the more people consume it
Quantity available- a powerful determinant of the amount eaten is the amount available. People tend to consume what is put in front of them
Variety- humans and animals increase their consumption when there is a variety of foods
Stress leads to an increase in eating
Classical conditioning- taste preferences are partly a function of learned associations formed through classical conditioning, ex: youngsters can be conditioned to prefer flavors paired with pleasant events
Observational learning- food preferences are a matter of exposure
Cultural cues- each culture has different concepts on what is considered to be appetizing |
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| developed 4 stages called excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. The study was conducted in the 60’s. |
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| M&J Surveys of Sexual Practices |
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Definition
Men and women respond differently to surveys about their sexual motivations.
-Men report more sexual permissiveness and promiscuity |
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Definition
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| Theories regarding sexual orientation (2) |
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Definition
1) environmental
2) biological |
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Definition
1) Freudian view- that a male is likely to become gay when raised by a weak, detached, ineffectual father who is a poor heterosexual role model and by an overprotective, overly attached mother, with whom the boy indentifies with
2) Behavioral theorists- think that it is a learned preference with sexual arousal, perhaps through chance seductions by adult homosexuals
-(However extensive research has failed to support either of these theories) |
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Definition
| many theorists believe that the roots of homosexuality may lie in the organizing effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development |
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1) need for achievement
2) need for affiliation |
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Definition
| People who score high in the need for achievement work harder and are more persistent, innovative, and future-oriented. They also set challenging but realistic goals. And, they are more interested in mastering a task than they are afraid of failing at it. |
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Definition
| a desire to establish and maintain social contacts |
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Definition
1) Cannon Bard
2) James Lange
3) Schachter's Two Factor
4)Evolutionary Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotion arises from physiological arousal, Happiness comes from smiling, Sadness comes from crying (people supposedly distinguish emotions such as fear, joy, and anger on the basis of the exact configuration of physical reactions they experience |
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Definition
| Emotion originates in the thalamus, “Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same time. |
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Definition
| the experience of emotion depends on two factors 1. Autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal, when you experience physiological arousal, you search your environment for an explanation. Physiological arousal: Sweaty palms, Increased heart rate, Rapid breathing. Cognitive Label: Attribute source of arousal to a cause. To have an emotion, both factors are required. |
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Definition
| consider emotions to be largely innate reactions to certain stimuli, believe that emotions evolved before thought |
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Definition
| Pleasure and the Pursuit of Happiness |
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| Three predictive indicators of happiness are: |
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Definition
-Social relationships
-Employment
-Physical health |
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| Does Money Buy Happiness? |
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Definition
~After basic needs are met, increased wealth does not result in a significant rise in levels of happiness.
~One explanation is that people have a set baseline level of happiness toward which they gravitate.
-Identical twins are more similar in levels of happiness compared to fraternal twins.
-Happiness levels seem to be relatively stable over time and situations. |
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