Behavior patterns that are characteristic of an entire species

EX: salmon swimming up stream to spawn

Drive

(Primary and Secondary Drives)

A state of tension or arousal brought on by biological needs

Ex: hunger or thirst

Primary Drive: unlearned and vital to survival; hunger, thirst and sex

Secondary Drives: acquired through learning; the drive to acquire wealth

Motivated behavior is an attempt to reduce feelings of tension in our body and return it to homeostasis

Ex: eating to eliminate hunger

There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of a task.  The more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated to complete the task and the simplier the task, the higher the level of arousal must be.

Ex: You need to be calm in order to take a college entrance examination. (complex task, low level of arousal)

Abraham Maslow's Hierarcy of Motives

(5 levels and criticism)

An arrangement of motives in a hierarchy.  The lower motives must be satisfied before the higher ones can be satisfied.

1. Physiological needs (survival)

2. Safety needs (feeling like you can leave your house without being killed)

3. Belongingness (feeling connected to a larger group of people, not being alone)

4. Esteem needs (feeling good about yourself)

5. Self- Actualization needs (feeling like you are getting EVERYTHING out of your life)

Criticism: In simple societies, some people don't have food or water but they still form connections with others and have self-esteem.

Sex-drive

(pheromones and the sexual response cycle)

Pheromones- substance that is secreted by some animals that promotes sexual readiness

sexual-response cycle- excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution)

Males have a refractory period in which they cannot orgasm.  Women do not

1. Exploration and curiosity (Where does that road go?)

2. Manipulation and Contact (The need to touch things or specific objects. Harry Harlow's monkey study- one soft surrogate mother and one wire mesh mother)

3. Aggression (Behavior aimed at doing harm to others.  Could be triggered by pain or frustration or learned by modeling)

4. Achievement (Desire to excel, overcome obstaces and accomplish things)

5. Affiliation (need to be with other humans. ex: going home)

6.

4.

There are eight basic emotions (fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy and acceptance)

Plutchick arranged them in a circle.  The emotions close to eachother are more closely related and those oppostite of eachother are not as related.  Combining emotions creates other feelings. (joy + acceptance = love)

Stimuli in the enviroment cause physical changes to our bodies and emotions result from those physical changes

Ex: You see a bear, your heart races, you become afraid

We take in stimuli from the outside world and experience emotions and physical changes at the same time.

Ex: You see a bear and begin to sweat and become afraid at the same time

The situation we are in gives us clues as to how we are supposed to interpret our state of arousal

Ex: You see a bear, and know that you are supposed to be afraid it, so you are.