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Mother and Infant Nutrition
N/A
100
Nutrition
Undergraduate 1
03/20/2015

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Cards

Term
What is the placenta?
Definition
an active metabolic organ with many responsibilities of its own.
Term
Inadequate nutrient stores in a mother during the time the placenta is being developed can cause what?
Definition
low birth weights and difficulty producing healthy children in the future (for the infant).
Term
What is the most potent single indicator of an infant's future health?
Definition
birthweight.
Term
What is considered a low birth weight in infants?
Definition
<2.5 kg (5.5 lbs)
Term
Infants with low birth weights are...
Definition
40x more likely to die in their first year of life.
Term
When nutrient supplies during pregnancy fail to meet demands, the fetus may adapt in a variety of way that make...
Definition
obesity and chronic diseases more likely later in life.
Term
Low birthweight is associated with what?
Definition
lower adult IQ, short stature, and brain impairments.
Term
Low birthweights are also associated with...
Definition
genetics, disease conditions, smoking and drug use.
Term
The baby with an obese mother may be...
Definition
2x as likely to be born with a neural tube defect.
Term
Obese women are more likely to...
Definition
require drugs to induce labour or surgical intervention.
Term
Obese women are more likely to...
Definition
develop gestational diabetes, hypertension and infections after birth.
Term
Both overweight and obese women have a greater risk of giving birth to infants with...
Definition
heart defects and other abnormalities.
Term
What can affect a man's fertitility?
Definition
sedentary lifestyle, consuming too few fruits and vegetables.
Term
What can damage sperm's genetic material?
Definition
alcohol and toxins.
Term
The developent of each organ and tissue type takes place only at a certain time, called...
Definition
the critical period.
Term
During the 1st trimester, the mother needs...
Definition
no extra calories.
Term
During the 2nd trimester, the mother needs...
Definition
340 calories extra.
Term
During the 3rd trimester, the mother needs...
Definition
450 extra calories.
Term
Carbohydrates...
Definition
fuel the fetal brain and spare the protein needed for fetal growth.
Term
The RDA for protein during pregnancy is...
Definition
higher by 25 g/day.
Term
Essential fatty acids are important for...
Definition
fetal growth and development.
Term
The mother's blood volume increases by...
Definition
3x.
Term
A non-pregnant females needs how much folate?
Definition
400 mcg/day.
Term
A pregnant female needs how much folate?
Definition
600 mcg/day.
Term
A neural tube defect (NTD) occurs when...
Definition
the tube fails to close properly.
Term
What is anencephaly?
Definition
brain development failure.
Term
What is spina bifida?
Definition
spinal cord and backbone don't develop normally, can lead to paralysis.
Term
Vitamin B12...
Definition
assists folate in making new cells.
Term
Calcium is essential for what?
Definition
maintaining the mother's bone mass while supplying fetal needs.
Term
Magnesium is essential for...
Definition
bone and tissue growth.
Term
ZInc is required for what?
Definition
protein synthesis and cell development.
Term
What can interfere with the absorption of zinc?
Definition
iron.
Term
Blood loss during child birth drains...
Definition
maternal iron stores.
Term
Health Canada recommends all pregnant women take a multivitamin with...
Definition
16-20 mg of iron/day.
Term
Prenatal supplements are especially beneficial for women who don't eat adequately and for high risk groups like...
Definition
women carrying multiples, who smoke or use drugs and alcohol.
Term
How much weight should a woman gain during pregnancy?
Definition
depends on pre-pregnancy weight.
Term
Normal women should gain about...
Definition
1.5 kg during the first trimester.
Term
How much weight should the pregnant woman gain each week after the first trimester?
Definition
0.5 kg.
Term
What is preeclampsia?
Definition
a dangerous condition involving hypertension and edema.
Term
What is the recommended weight gain for those with a BMI below 18.5?
Definition
12.5-18 kg (28-40 lbs).
Term
What is the recommended weight gain for those with a BMI between 18.5 and 24.9?
Definition
11.5-16 kg (25-35 lbs).
Term
What is the recommended weight gain for those with a BMI between 25 and 29.9?
Definition
7-11.5 kg (15-25 lbs).
Term
What is the recommended weight gain for those with a BMI of 30+?
Definition
5-9 kg (11-20 lbs).
Term
Should pregnant women be physically active?
Definition
yes.
Term
Staying active during pregnancy...
Definition
improves fitness, facilitates labours, helps prevent/manage gestational diabetes and reduces stress.
Term
Pregnant teens have more...
Definition
miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths and low-birthweight babies.
Term
Pregnant teens with a normal BMI should gain...
Definition
~15 kg (35 pounds).
Term
A deficiency in iron, zinc or other nutrients can result in what?
Definition
pica.
Term
What is pica?
Definition
crave and eat soil, clay, ice, cornstarch and other non-nutritious substances.
Term
Smoking...
Definition
restricts the blood suply to the growing fetus.
Term
What is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Definition
unexplained death that sometimes occurs in otherwise healthy infants.
Term
Environmental tobacco smoke (second hand) during pregnancy increases...
Definition
risk of low birthweight and likelihood of SIDS.
Term
Environmental contaminants such as lead and mercury during pregnancy lead to...
Definition
impaired cognitive development.
Term
Listeriosis...
Definition
can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe brain/other infections to fetuses and newborns.
Term
Symptoms of listeriosis include...
Definition
fevere, vomiting and diarrhea.
Term
In order to prevent listeriosis...
Definition
avoid all soft cheeses, cook meat thoroughly, use only pasteurized dairy products.
Term
Pregnany women should use sweeteners with...
Definition
moderation.
Term
Health Canada recommends that pregnant women consume no more than what amount of caffeine?
Definition
300 mg.
Term
Alcohol crosses the placenta and is...
Definition
a direct toxin.
Term
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause what?
Definition
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Term
Symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder include...
Definition
brain damage, growth retardation, mental delay and facial abnormalities.
Term
The cluster of mental problems associated with prenatal alcohol exposure is know as what?
Definition
ARND.
Term
The cluster of physical malformations associated with prenatal alcohol exposure is called what?
Definition
ARBD.
Term
Women who drink 5+ alcoholic drinks/week are more likely to produce...
Definition
stillbirths.
Term
FAS is known to occur with as few as...
Definition
2 drinks/day.
Term
What is gestational diabetes?
Definition
abnormal glucose tolerance appearing during pregnancy.
Term
Gestational diabetes can lead to what?
Definition
fetal or infant sickness or death.
Term
Health Canada recommends exclusive breastfeeding from...
Definition
birth-6 months.
Term
A nursing mother produces about how much milk a day?
Definition
750 mL.
Term
Women who are lactating are recommended to eat an additional how many calories?
Definition
~330.
Term
Early warning signs of insufficient milk are...
Definition
dry diapers and infrequent bowel movements.
Term
The volume of breast milk produced depends on...
Definition
the baby's demand.
Term
A nursing mother is advised to drink how much fluid to prevent dehydration?
Definition
~3250 mL (~13 cups).
Term
If a mother is defecient in nutrients...
Definition
the milk produced will still contain sufficient nutrients at the expense of the mother's stores.
Term
Eating commonly allergenic foods can...
Definition
help prevent allergy development in the infant.
Term
Breasfeeding isn't recommended if...
Definition
the mother is HIV infected, has active herpes on both breasts, has untreated TB, or is severely ill.
Term
Lactating women who smoke...
Definition
produce less milk with a lower fat content.
Term
HIV can be passed from an infected mother to her infant during...
Definition
pregnancy, birth, or through breast milk.
Term
An infant's BMR is about...
Definition
2x that of an adult, based on body weight.
Term
The newborn digestive tract is...
Definition
sterile.
Term
A single dose of vitamin K is recommended at birth to...
Definition
prevent uncontrollable bleeding.
Term
Benefits of breastfeeding for infants include...
Definition
hormones promote development, improves cognitive development, protects against infection (antibodies), protects against food allergies, etc.
Term
Benefits of breastfeeding for a mother include...
Definition
contracts uterus, delays return of regular ovulation, conserves iron stores, may protects against breast and ovarian cancer, saves money.
Term
Breast milk provides all the nutrients a helathy baby needs except what?
Definition
vitamin D.
Term
The most prevelant protein(s) in breast milk is what?
Definition
alpha-lactalbumin and lactoferrin.
Term
What does lactoferrin do?
Definition
helps absorb iron into the infant's bloodstream, keeps intestinal bacteria from getting enough iron to grow out of control and kills certain bacteria.
Term
Health Canada recommends that breast-fed healthy infants recieve a daily vitamin D supplement of...
Definition
10 mcg (400 IU).
Term
When is colostrum produced?
Definition
first 2-3 days of lactation.
Term
What is colostrum?
Definition
a pre-milk substance containing antibodies and WBCs from the mother's blood.
Term
What is recommended for infants who are not, or who cannot be breastfed?
Definition
iron-fortified cow's milk.
Term
What are the 3 types of formula?
Definition
powdered (PIF), liquid concentrate, ready-to-feed.
Term
PIF...
Definition
is not sterile and has the highest risk of bacterial infection.
Term
Signs of readiness for "real food", typically seen by 6 months, include...
Definition
sitting up with a back support, holding head up and leaning forward.
Term
The iron requirement for a infant 7-12 months old is...
Definition
more than that of an adult male.
Term
At 6 months...
Definition
iron-rich foods should be introduced to the infant.
Term
The Canadian Pediatric Society recommends:
Definition
no more than 60-120 mL of fruit juice/day when weaning the infant from breastfeeding.
Term
Whole, 3.25% homogenized cow's milk, can be introduced between...
Definition
9 and 12 months.
Term
How long should you wait between the introduction of new foods (possible allergens) to the infant's diet?
Definition
2 days.
Term
Do not offer babies foods with...
Definition
added salt or sugar.
Term
What shouldn't be fed to infants under 1 because of the risk of botulism?
Definition
honey.
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